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A  SOUTHERN  MICHIGAN  WOODLOT 


UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN 

NEW  SERIES,  OCTOBER,   IQI7  VOL.   XIX,  NO.  8 

UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 
BOTANICAL   GARDEN  AND    ARBORETUM 


MICHIGAN  TREES 

A  HANDBOOK  OF  THE  NATIVE  AND  MOST 
IMPORTANT  INTRODUCED  SPECIES 


By 
CHARLES  HERBERT  OTIS,  FORMERLY  CURATOR 

WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION  BY 

GEORGE  PLUMER  BURNS,  FORMERLY  DIRECTOR 


Ann  Arbor 

PUBLISHED    BY   THE   REGENTS 
1917 


COPYRIGHT,    1915 


THE  REGENTS  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

FOURTH    EDITION,   REVISED 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


PAGE 
A  Southern  Michigan  Woodlot — Frontispiece. 

Map  of  Michigan  (Showing  Details  Mentioned  in  the 

Bulletin)     iv 

Introduction     

Acknowledgments 

How  to  Study  the  Trees  

Artificial  Keys,  How  Made  and  Used  xvm 

Summer  Key  to  the  Genera xxi 

Winter  Key  to  the  Genera xxvn 

Manual  of  Trees  (Description  of  Species,  with  Summer 

and  Winter  Keys  to  the  Species)   xxxin 

Glossary  231 

Index  to  the  Artificial  Keys .241 

Index  to  the  Trees   242 


MAP  OF  MICHIGAN 
SHOWING  ONLY  LOCATIONS  MENTIONED  IN  THE  MANUAL 


INTRODUCTION 

The  idea  of  a  bulletin  on  Michigan  trees  was  first  suggested 
by  Prof.  Volney  M.  Spalding.  It  was  thought  that  a  bulletin 
devoted  entirely  to  the  study  of  certain  phases  of  tree  life  in 
Michigan  would  -.timulate  interest  in  the  study  of  our  trees, 
and  influence  many  more  people  to  associate  themselves  with  the 
growing  number  of  tree  lovers  and  with  the  supporters  of  the 
movement  for  better  forest  conditions  in  the  state. 

The  bulletin  has  been  under  consideration  for  a  number  of 
years  and  much  of  the  material  given  herein  has  been  used  in 
the  classes  in  forest  botany  at  the  University  of  Michigan.  It 
remained,  however,  for  the  present  Curator  of  the  Botanical 
Garden  and  Arboretum  to  get  the  material  into  shape  for  publi- 
cation, and  the  present  bulletin  is  the  result  of  his  industry  and 
perseverance.  The  preparation  of  the  drawings  and  manuscript 
has  been  made  by  him  in  connection  with  his  work  in  the  Garden. 

The  distinctive  feature  of  the  bulletin  lies  in  its  keys.  The 
keys  commonly  published  are  based  upon  characters  which  are 
present  but  a  short  time  during  the  year,  or  which  can  be  used 
only  by  an  advanced  student  of  botany.  This  bulletin  presents 
two-keys.  One  is  based  upon  characters  which  are  present  ail 
summer;  the  other  uses  the  winter  characters  as  a  basis  for 
identification.  By  the  use  of  the  keys  any  person  should  be  able 
to  name  and  learn  the  characteristics  of  the  trees  of  Michigan 
at  any  time  of  the  year.  These  keys  should  prove  of  special 
value  to  our  students  in  the  public  schools,  to  members  of  nature 
study  clubs,  and  to  the  students  in  the  forestry  schools  of  the 
state. 

The  order  of  arrangement  and  the  nomenclature  are  essen- 
tially those  of  "Gray's  New  Manual  of  Botany."  Following  a 
tendency  which  is  steadily  gaining  favor,  all  species  names  are 
printed  with  a  small  letter,  regardless  of  their  origin.  For  the 
convenience  of  the  general  reader,  other  scientific  names  which 
are  found  in  botanical  manuals  in  common  use  are  printed  in 
—  v  — 


parenthesis.  In  the  case  of  exotics  which  are  not  included  in  the 
Manual,  other  authorities  have  been  followed.  Sudworth's 
"Check  List  of  the  Forest  Trees  of  the  United  States"  (U.  S. 
Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Forestry,  Bui.  17)  is  in  most  cases  authority 
for  the  common  names.  They  are  names  appearing  in  common 
use  today  in  some  part  of  the  state.  The  first  name  given  is  that 
recommended  by  Sudworth  for  general  use. 

The  drawings  have  been  made  from  living  or  herbarium 
material  and  are  original.  They  are  accurately  drawn  to  a 
scale,  which  is  given  in  each  case.  In  their  preparation  the 
author  has  endeavored  to  call  attention  to  the  salient  characters. 
In  the  drawings  of  buds  and  twigs  certain  points,  bundle-scars, 
etc.,  have  been  emphasized  more  than  is  natural.  In  the  descrip- 
tions the  attempt  has  been  made  to  bring  out  those  points  of 
similarity  and  contrast  which  are  most  useful  for  identification. 

As  the  bulletin  is  not  written  especially  for  technical  students 
of  botany,  the  author  thought  best  to  use  as  few  technical  terms 
as  possible  in  the  descriptions.  In  some  cases  it  was  impossible 
to  avoid  such  terms,  but  with  the  help  of  the  glossary  the  mean- 
ing can  be  easily  understood.  Any  person  desiring  to  get  a 
more  complete  knowledge  of  trees  should  consult  one  of  the  larger 
manuals.  The  arrangement  used  for  the  illustration  and  dis- 
cussion of  each  single  tree  makes  it  possible  for  the  student  to 
compare  the  drawings  with  the  description  without  turning  a 
page. 

It  is  believed  that  with  the  aid  of  the  drawings  and  descrip- 
tions given  in  this  bulletin  any  person  will  be  able  to  name  the 
trees  which  grow  in  his  yardi  park,  or  woodlot.  If,  however, 
any  difficulty  is  found  in  naming  the  trees,  the  Curator  will  be 
glad  to  name  any  specimens  which  may  be  mailed  to  him.  He 
would  be  glad  to  get  in  touch  with  persons  interested  in  Mich- 
igan trees  and  to  receive  any  additional  information  relating  to 
the  subject.  Data  concerning  the  distribution  of  the  trees  in  the 
state,  and  the  addition  of  other  Michigan  trees  to  the  present  list 
would  be  of  especial  value. 

GEORGE  PLUMER  BURNS. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Grateful  acknowledgment  is  hereby  made  to  Miss  Sarah 
Phelps,  who  has  done  most  of  the  inking  in  and  given  life  to 
the  author's  pencil-drawings ;  to  Mr.  J.  H.  Ehlers  for  his  valuable 
assistance  in  the  preparation  of  many  of  the  drawings  and  in  the 
collection  of  working  material;  to  Prof.  Henri  Hus,  who  has 
read  all  of  the  proof  and  who  has  at  various  .times  rendered 
valuable  assistance;  to  Prof.  F.  S.  Newcombe  and  to  Prof. 
Ernst  Bessey  for  the  loan  of  sheets  from  the  herbariums  of  the 
University  of  Michigan  and  Michigan  Agricultural  College;  and 
especially  to  Prof.  Geo.  P.  Burns  in  whose  inspiration  this 
bulletin  had  its  inception  and  under  whose  direction  the  work  has 
progressed  to  completion. 

CHAS.  H.  OTJS. 


HOW  TO  STUDY  THE  TREES 

People  are  everywhere  associated  with  trees.  Trees  give 
cooling  shade  in  our  parks  and  dooryards  and  along  our  high- 
ways ;  they  lend  their  beauty  to  the  landscape  and  relieve  it  of 
monotony;  they  yield  many  kinds  of  fruits,  some  of  which 
furnish  man  and  the  animals  of  the  forest  with  food;  and  they 
furnish  vast  quantities  of  lumber  for  a  multitude  of  uses.  How 
important  it  is,  then,  that  every  person,  whether  school-child  or 
grown-up,  should  become  acquainted  with  our  trees.  Most 
people  know  a  few  of  our  commonest  trees,  but  are  ignorant  of 
the  great  wealth  of  tree  forms  about  them.  Some  who  may  have 
wished  to  go  further  have  been- hindered  for  lack  of  a  teacher  or 
dismayed  by  the  very  multitude  of  manuals  to  which  they  have 
had  access. 

In  beginning  a  study  of  the  trees  the  student  should  start  on 
a  solid  foundation,  eliminating  the  uncertainties  and  the  errors 
which  no  doubt  have  appeared  and  retaining  only  the  established 
facts.  Once  started  he  should  go  slowly,  assimiliating  each  new 
discovery  before  seeking  another.  He  should  begin  with  the 
trees  nearest  home,  and,  as  he  gradually  grows  to  know  these 
in  all  their  aspects,  should  extend  his  trips  afield.  Not  only  should 
he  be  able  to  name  the  trees  when  they  are  fully  clothed  in  their 
summer  dress,  but  he  should  as  readily  know  these  same  trees 
when  the  leaves  have  fallen  and  only  the  bare  branches  stand 
silhouetted  against  the  sky.  Then,  and  only  then,  will  he  derive 
the  utmost  satisfaction  from  his  efforts. 

The   characters   which   are   used   in    studying   the   trees   are 

habit,  leaves,  flowers,  fruit,  buds,  bark,  distribution  and  habitat. 

These  will  be  discussed  briefly  in  the  next  few  pages,  the  same 

order  that  is  used  in  the  detailed  descriptions  of  species  being 

—  ix  — 


maintained  in  the  present  discussion.  A  few  drawings  will  also 
be  added  to  make  clear  certain  points  and  to  show  comparative 
forms. 

NAME. — Every  tree  has  one  or  several  common  names  and 
a  scientific  or  Latin  name.  Some  of  these  common  names  are 
merely  local,  others  have  a  more  extended  use.  Some  few 
names  apply  to  totally  different  species.  Thus,  Cottonwood  in 
Michigan  is  Populus  deltoides,  in  Idaho  and  Colorado  Populus 
angustifolia,  in  California  Populus  fremontii  and  in  Kentucky 
Tilia  heterophylla.  While  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  in  com- 
mon speech  it  is  proper  as  well  as  convenient  to  call  trees  by  their 
common  names,  yet,  in  view  of  the  many  uncertainties  pertaining 
to  their  use,  a  scientific  name  is  at  times  absolutely  essential  to 
the  clear  understanding  of  what  is  meant.  Latin  is  the  language 
in  universal  use  by  all  scientists.  No  longer  used  by  any  civilized 
nation,  it  has  become  a  dead  language  and  consequently  "never 
changes.  Its  vocabulary  and  its  constructions  will  a  thousand 
years  hence  be  the  same  as  they  are  today.  Being  in  universal 
use  among  scientists  of  all  nationalities  no  confusion  arises  from 
the  use  of  a  Latin  word.  The  Oak  in  Germany  is  known  as 
Eiche,  in  France  as  chene  and  in  Spain  as  roble,  but  the  Latin 
word  Quercus  is  the  same  for  all  these  countries. 

A  scientific  name  as  applied  to  trees  consists  of  at  least  two 
parts,  as  Quercus  alba;  the  first  named  is  the  genus  and  is  always 
written  with  a  capital  letter,  the  second  is  the  species  and  is  writ- 
ten with  a  small  letter,  the  two  names  constituting  the  briefest 
possible  description  of  the  particular  tree.  It  is  customary  to 
add  to  these  the  name  or  an  abbreviation  of  the  name  of  the 
person  who  first  gave  the  name  to  the  tree,  as  Quercus  alba  L,., 
the  abbreviation  standing  for  Linnaeus.  Sometimes  a  third  name 
is  used,  as  Acer  saccharum  nigrum,  referring  in  this  case  to  a 
variety  of  the  ordinary  Sugar  Maple. 

Genera  which  bear  a  relationship  to  each  other  are  placed  in 
the  same  family,  the  family  name  always  having  the  character- 
istic ending — aceae.  Related  families  are  again  grouped  into 
orders,  with  the  characteristic  ending—  ales.  Orders  are  in 
like  manner  arranged  into  larger  groups,  called  classes,  and  the 
latter  into  still  larger  groups,  divisions,  etc.,  each  with  its  char- 
acteristic ending.  Thus,  Acer  saccharum  nigrum  (Michx.  f.) 
Britt.  is  classified  as  follows : 

—  x  — 


Division — Spermatophyta 

Subdivision — Angiospermae 
Class — Dicotyledoneae 
Order — Sapindales 
Family — Aceraceae 
Genus— Acer 

Species — saccharum 
Variety — nigrum. 

HABIT. — Habit,  or  the  general  appearance  of  a  plant,  is 
an  important  character  of  identification,  especially  as  we  become 
more  and  more  familiar  with  the  trees.  Two  main  types  are 
recognized,  based  on  the  manner  of  branching  of  the  trunk,  the 
upright  and  the  spreading.  In  the  one  the  trunk  extends  straight 
upwards  without  dividing,  as  is  typical  in  most  of  the  conifers, 
and  in  the  other  the  trunk  divides  to  form  several  large  branches 
and  the  broad,  spreading  crown  of  most  of  our  broad-leaf  trees. 
The  crown  in  either  case  may  be  regular  in  outline  or  very 
irregular,  straggling  or  straight-limbed.  Moreover,  the  tree 
growing  in  the  open,  where  there  is  no  crowding  and  there  -is 
plenty  of  light,  may  differ  very  greatly  from  the  tree  in  the 
forest,  where  the  struggle  for  existence  becomes  very  keen.  A 
short,  thick  trunk  and  low,  spreading,  many-branched  crown 
characterizes  the  tree  in  the  open,  whereas  the  forest  tree  has  a 
long,  slender,  clean  trunk  and  a  narrow  crown  of  few  branches. 
In  the  descriptions  of  trees  in  this  bulletin,  unless  otherwise 
stated,  the  habit  in  the  open  is  the  one  given.  Again,  the  tree 
may  have  been  injured  by  storm  or  insect  at  some  period  of  Its 
growth  and  its  natural  symmetry  destroyed.  Moreover,  the  age 
of  a  tree  has  a  great  influence  on  its  outline,  young  trees  being 
generally  narrow  and  more  or  less  conical,  broadening  out  as 
Ihey  become  older.  We  may  say,  then,  that  each  tree  has  an  indi- 
viduality of  its  own,  little  eccentricities  similar  to  those  that  make 
people  different  from  one  another.  And  just  as  we  have  little 
difficulty  in  recognizing  our  friends  at  a  distance  by  some  peculiar- 
ity of  walk  or  action,  so  are  we  able  to  recognize  a  great  many 
trees  at  a  distance  by  some  peculiarity  of  form  or  habit. 

LEAVES.— With  the  advent  of  spring  the  buds  of  our  broad- 
leaf  trees  swell  and  burst  and  the  leaves  come  forth  and  clothe 
the  trees  with  mantels  of  green,  hiding  the  branches  which  have 
been  bare  through  the  cold  winter  months.    The  evergreens,  too. 
—  xi  — 


take  on  new  color  and  begin  a  new  period  of  growth.  It  is  the 
leaves  which  the  beginner  finds  most  interesting  and  in  which 
he  finds  a  ready  means  of  identification.  It  must  be  remembered, 
however,  that  leaves  vary  greatly  in  size  and  shape  and  general 
appearance.  How  large  are  the  "leaves  on  a  flourishing  sprout 
and  how  small  on  a  stunted  tree  of  the  same  species  growing 

I.    LEAF  OUTLINES 

A 


Lanceolate.     Ovate. 


Heart-shaped.     Halberd-shaped.  Linear.  Elliptical. 


Oblong. 


Oval. 


Orbicular.  Oblanceolate.  Spatulate.     Obovate. 


near  by,  but  under  adverse  circumstances.  How  different  are  the 
leaves  of  the  big  white  oak  standing  in  the  yard;  they  are  hardly 
lobed  on  the  lowermost  branches,  while  higher  up  they  are  deeply 
cut.  Yet,  in  spite  of  the  many  modifications  that  leaves  undergo, 
the  leaves  of  any  one  species  have  certain  rather  constant  char- 

II.   LEAF  TIPS 


'\  V  Ar  1    /   /»|  I  \  T      / 

Acuminate.  •  Acute.  Obtuse.  Emarginate.         Mucronate. 

actcrs  which  are  found  in  all  forms,  and  the  student  will  have 
little  difficulty  in  selecting  and  recognizing  typical  leaves. 


Leaves  are  either  persistent,  as  in  most  of  our  conifers, 
which  stay  green  all  winter,  or  they  turn  various  colors  with  the 
frost  and  fall  early  in  autumn;  often  they  hang  dead  and  lifeless 
far  into  the  winter.  The  points  about  leaves  which  we  are 
accustomed  to  consider  are  the  position  or  arrangement  of  the 
III.  LEAF  MARGINS 


Serrate.     Doubly  Serrate.     Crenate.  Undulate. 
Dentate. 


Sinuate.         Lobed. 


IV.   PARTS  OF  A  FLOWER 


leaves  on  the  branch,  whether  simple  or  compound,  size,  shape, 
texture,  color,  amount  and  character  of  pubescence,  character  of 
the  margin,  venation,  etc.  The  following  diagrams  will  serve  to 
illustrate  some  of  the  ordinary  forms  and  shapes  of  leaves,  their 
margins,  etc. 

FLOWERS. — Every  tree  when  old  enough  bears  flowers  in 
its  proper  season.  Some  of  these,  as  the  Catalpas,  Locusts  and 
Horse-chestnuts  are 
very  showy,  others, 
like  the  Oaks  and  . 
Hickories,  are  compar- 
atively  inconspicuous ; 
some  are  brilliantly 
colored,  others  are  of 
the  same  color  as  the 
leaves.  Nevertheless, 
the  flowers  are  very  ac- 
curate means  of  clas- 
sification, and  _  their  perfect  Flowcr 
only  drawback  is  that 
they  last  for  such  a  £  f^  /SSia). 
short  period  of  time  |j.  |*g*n- 
each  year.  e.  Anther. 
—  xiii  — 


Stamen. 


Pistil. 


f.  Filament. 

g.  Stigma, 
h.  Style. 

i.  Ovary. 


Just  as  we  have  male  and  female  in  the  animal  world,  so  we 
have  male  and  female  in  the  plant  world.  A  few  of  our  trees, 
as  the  Locust,  Basswood  and  Cherries  have  perfect  flowers,  bear- 
ing both  stamens  and  pistil.  The  great  majority,  however,  have 
unisexual  flowers,  bearing  stamens  or  pistils,  but  not  both.  When 
both  male  and  female  flowers  are  found  on  the  same  tree,  the 
flowers  are  said  to  be  monoecious,  and  when  male  flowers  occur 
on  one  tree  and  the  female  on  a  different  tree,  the  flowers  are 
said  to  be  dioecious.  The  Cottonwood  is  dioecious,  and  the 
little  seeds  are  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  long,  white  hairs  which 
enables  the  wind  to  carry  them  to  considerable  distances  from  the 
parent  tree,  to  the  disgust  of  people  living  within  range.  Many 
cities  forbid  the  planting  of  Cottonwood  on  account  of  the 


TYPES  OF  INFLORESCENCES 


Spike.   Raceme.         Panicle.         Corymb.  Umbel.  Cyme, 

"cotton."  Since  in  some  cases  it  is  desirable  to  plant  this  rapid- 
growing  tree,  as  in  cities  burning  large  amounts  of  soft  coal,  it 
is  a  distinct  advantage  to  know  that  male  trees  are  lacking  in  the 
objectionable  "cotton"  and  may  be  planted  safely. 

Before  trees  can  produce  fruit  their  flowers  must  be  fertilized, 
i.  e.,  pollen  from  the  anther  of  a  stamen  must  come  in  contact 
with  the  stigma  of  a  pistil.  Some  flowers  are  self-fertilized, 
others  are  cross-fertilized.  For  a  long  time  it  was  not  known 
how  fertilization  was  accomplished,  but  now  we  know  that  many 
insects,  like  the  nectar-loving  bees  and  butterflies,  and  in  other 
cases  the  wind  transport  the  pollen  from  one  flower  to  another, 
often  miles  being  traversed  before  the  right  kind  of  flower  or  a 
flower  in  the  right  stage  of  development  is  found.  And  many 
are  the  modifications  of  flowers  to  insure  this  transference  of 
pollen. 

FRUIT. — So  numerous  and  so  varied  are  the  forms  of  tree 
fruits  that  it  would  only  be  confusing  to  enumerate  their  various 
characters.    Some  fruits,  as  the  achenes  of  the  Poplars  and  Wil- 
—  xiv  — 


VI.  WINTER 

TWIG  OF  RED 

MULBERRY 

b—A 
C-- 


r-~Q 


lows,  are  so  small  and  light  that  they  are  carried  long  distances  by 
the  wind;  others,  like  the  hickory  nuts  and  walnuts,  are  too  heavy 
to  be  wind-blown.  Many  fruits  are  of  considerable  economic  and 
commercial  importance  and  are  gathered  and  marketed  on  a  large 
scale;  such  are  the  hickory  nuts,  wal- 
nuts, chestnuts,  etc.  Some,  not  esteemed 
by  man,  form  an  important  article  of 
diet  for  the  birds  and  small  animals 
of  the  forest.  Unfortunately,  there  are 
a  number  of  limitations  to  the  useful- 
ness of  fruit  for  identification  pur- 
poses. Some  trees  require  years  to 
mature  their  fruit.  Many  trees,  while 
producing  an  abundance  of  fruit  at  cer- 
tain intervals,  bear  none  at  all  or  only 
very  small  and  uncertain  quantities  be- 
tween the  years  of  abundance.  Again, 
in  the  case  of  dioecious  trees,  only  the 
female  or  pistillate  bear  fruit.  Not- 
withstanding these  limitations  tree  fruits 
are  a  very  valuable  aid  to  the  student, 
and  he  should  always  search  closely  for 
evidences  of  theirpresence  and  character. 
WINTER-BUDS.— Buds,  with  their 
accompanying  leaf-  and  stipule-scars 
form  the  basis  of  tree  identification  in 
winter.  The  size,  color,  position  with 
reference  to  the  twig,  number  and  ar- 
rangement and  character  of  bud-scales, 
etc.,  are  all  characters  of  the  greatest 
value  in  winter  determinations.  Buds 
are  either  terminal  or  lateral,  depending 
on  their  position  on  the  twig.  A  lateral  bud  is  one  situated  on 
the  side  of  a  twig  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf-scar.  A  terminal  bud  is 
one  situated  at  the  end  of  a  twig,  where  it  is  ready  to  continue 
the  growth  of  the  twig  the  following  spring.  In  the  keys  an 
important  consideration  is  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  terminal 
bud.  Inasmuch  as  the  determination  of  this  point  gives  the' 
beginner  some  trouble  at  first,  it  is  hoped  that  the  accompanying 
diagrams  and  explanatory  remarks  will  make -the  distinction  clear. 

—   XV  — 


d— 


d— 


a.  Tip-scar. 

b.  Lateral  bud. 

c.  Leaf-scar. 

d.  Stipule-scars. 


VII.  WINTER 

TWIG  OF  BLACK 

WALNUT 

-a 


c-1 


In  the  Elms,  Willows,  Basswood  and  many  other  species  the 
terminal  bud  and  a  small  portion  of  the  tip  of  the  twig  dies 
and  drops  off  in  late  autumn,  leaving  a  small  scar  at  the  end  of 
the  twig  (a,  fig.  vi).  The  presence  of  this  tip-scar  indicates  that 
the  terminal  bud  is  absent.  Often  a 
lateral  bud  will  be  found  very  close  to 
the  tip-scar  (b,  fig.  vi),  which,  bending 
into  line  with  the  twig,  makes  it  appear 
terminal.  However,  the  presence  of  a 
leaf-scar  immediately  below  it  shows  it 
to  be  a  lateral  bud  (c,  fig.  vi).  In  some 
large  twigs  the  eye  unaided  will  serve  to 
find  the  tip-scar,  but  with  the  smaller 
twigs  a  hand-lens  is  necessary. 

The  arrangement,  size  and  shape  of 
the  leaf-scars  (c,  fig.  vn)  are  important 
factors  in  identification  by  winter  char- 
acters. Within  the  leaf-scars  are  one  or 
more  dots  (d,  fig.  vn),  sometimes  quite 
inconspicuous,  often  very  prominent. 
These  are  the  scars  left  by  the  fibro- 
vascular  bundles  which  run  through  the 
petiole  into  the  blade  of  the  leaf,  and 
are  designated  as  bundle-scars.  There 
may  be  only  one  as  in  Sassafras  and 
Hackberry,  two  as  in  Ginkgo,  three  as 
in  the  Poplars  and  Cherries,  or  many; 
and  they  may  be  arranged  in  a  U-  or 
V-shaped  line,  or  they  may  be  without 
definite  order.  Often  stipule-scars 
(d,  fig.  vi)  occur  on  either  side  of  the 
leaf-scar;  these  are  scars  left  by  the 
fall  of  a  pair  of  small  leaflets  called  stipules  and  located  at  the 
base  of  the  leaves,  and  their  form  varies  according  to  the  form 
of  the  stipules  which  made  them. 

BARK. — The  woodsman  uses  the  bark  of  a  tree  more  than 
any  other  character  in  distinguishing  the  trees  about  him,  and  he 
is  often  able  to  use  this  character  alone  with  much  accuracy  at 
great  distances.  However,  the  appearance  of  bark  differs  so 
greatly  with  the  age  of  the  tree  and  with  its  environment  that 
—  xvi  — 


a.  Terminal  bud. 

b.  Lateral  bud. 

c.  Leaf-scar. 

d.  Bundle-scars. 

e.  Pith. 


it  is  difficult  to  describe  it  accurately.  Some  characters  are  dis- 
tinctive, however,  and  serve  as  a  ready  means  of  identification ; 
such  characters  are  the  peeling  of  the  Sycamore  and  Paper 
Birch,  the  "shagging"  of  the  Shagbark  Hickory,  the  spicy  taste 
of  Sassafras  bark  and  the  mucilaginous  inner  bark  of  the  Slip- 
pery Elm. 

WOOD. — It  is  not  expected  that  the  information  given  under 
this  heading  will  be  of  any  particular  value  in  identifying  living 
trees.  Often,  however,  the  student  finds  himself  in  the  midst  of 
felling  operations,  when  the  information  concerning  the  wood  is 
of  considerable  value. 

DISTRIBUTION  AND  HABITAT.— To  a  lesser  extent  do 
distribution  and  habitat  of  a  species  aid  in  the  identification  of  a 
tree.  It  is  a  distinct  aid  to  know  that  the  Chestnut  is  native  in 
south-eastern  Michigan  only  and  that  the  Mountain  Ash  does  not 
extend  south  of  Ludington.  So  too,  knowing  the  water-loving 
habit  of  the  Swamp  White  Oak,  we  would  not  expect  to  find  this 
same  tree  flourishing  on  the  top  of  a  hard,  dry  hill. 

The  characters,  then,  which  are  used  to  identify  the  trees 
about  us  are  many.  Not  all  will  be  available  at  any  one  time,  not 
all  have  been  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  pages  nor  in  the  manual. 
It  is  our  opinion,  however,  that  the  student  will  not  be  greatly 
handicapped  by  this  lack  of  detail,  but  rather  that  he  will  take 
great  interest  and  genuine  pleasure  in  discovering  these  things 
for  himself. 


ARTIFICIAL  KEYS,  HOW  MADE  AND  USED 

An  artificial  key  is  a  scheme  for  easily  and  quickly  identifying 
any  unknown  object  under  consideration.  This  bulletin  being 
devoted  to  the  trees  of  Michigan,  the  keys  to  be  found  herein 
are  intended  to  make  it  possible  for  any  person,  even  if  his  botan- 
ical training  be  meager,  to  determine  what  trees  grow  about  any 
home  or  farm,  city  park  or  woodlot  in  the  state.  With  certain 
modifications  and  limitations  they  may  prove  useful  in  other 
localities  as  well.  Since  many  people  are  unfamiliar  with  the 
construction  and  use  of  keys  for  identification,  it  will  be  the  pur- 
pose of  the  following  paragraphs  to  briefly  outline  the  principles 
of  construction  and  the  manner  of  using  the  keys  to  be  found 
here. 

The  keys  are  based  on  the  most  striking  similarities  and 
differences  which  the  various  parts  of  trees — twigs,  buds,  leaves, 
etc. — show,  i.  e.,  those  characters  which  stand  out  in  bold  relief, 
which  catch  the  eye  at  first  sight.  Two  alternatives  are  presented, 
either  a  character  is  or  is  not  present ;  these  are  the  only  choices 
possible.  Indeed,  further  divisions  are  unnecessary  and  only  lead 
to  confusion  and  possible  oversight.  The  two  diametrically 
opposed  characters  are  said  to  be  coordinate  in  rank.  In  the 
keys  they  are  preceded  by  the  same  letter  or  letters  (a  and  aa  or 
b  and  bb,  etc.)  and  are  set  at  the  same  distance  from  the  left 
margin  of  the  page.  Often  a  and  aa,  or  b  and  bb  are  further 
divisible  into  other  groups;  in  every  case  the  characters  arc 
opposed  (a  positive  and  a  negative)  and  are  given  coordinate 
rank.  It  is  desirable  for  mechanical  reasons  to  divide  the  main 
divisions  of  the  key  more  or  less  evenly,  but  this  is  not  always 
feasible,  nor  should  it  be  religiously  adhered  to. 

Suppose  as  a  concrete  example  that  it  is  desired  to  construcr 
a  key  to  distinguish  five  houses  in  a  city  block.  Three  of  these 
are  of  wood  construction,  two  are  of  brick,  and  of  the  three 
wooden  houses  two  are  painted  white  and  one  brown.  We  may 
classify  them  as  follows: 

—  xvin  — 


a.  Houses  wood. 

b.  Body  paint  brown Smith's  house 

bb.  Body  paint  white. 

c.  Trimmings  green  color Jones'  house 

cc.  Trimmings  slate  color Brown's  house 

aa.  Houses  brick. 

b.  Roof  gray  slate Johnson's  house 

bb.  Roof  red  tile Public  Library 

It  is  desirable  in  many  cases  to  add  other  characters  to 
lessen  the  liability  of  confusion,  where  the  characters  chosen  are 
not  distinct,  and  to  show  the  user  that  he  is  on  the  right  track. 
Thus,  in  the  example  just  given,  green  color  and  slate  color  under 
certain  defects  of  the  eye,  a  coating  of  dust  or  deficiencies  of  the 
light  might  be  confused,  under  which  circumstances  we  would  be 
justified  in  adding  to  the  above  statements  without  the  criticism 
of  description  being  made.  Thus : 

bb. 

c.  Trimmings  green  color;  gable  roof Jones'  house 

cc.  Trimmings  slate  color;  mansard  roof.  . .  .Brown's  house 

The  keys  in  this  bulletin  are  constructed  on  the  above  prin- 
ciples. They  are  not  in  all  cases  as  simple  as  the  illustration  just 
used,  but  if  the  reader  has  mastered  the  house  illustration  he 
will  have  little  or  no  trouble  with  the  larger  keys.  Suppose  that 
(during  a  summer  stroll)  you  come  across  a  large  tree  with 
rough,  hard  bark  and  thin-,  lobed  leaves  which  you  do  not  know. 
Turning  to  the  Summer  Key  to  the  Genera  you  find  first  a. 
Leaves  simple,  and  contrasted  with  this  aa.  Leaves  compound. 
Obviously  the  leaf  is  simple  and  the  genus  sought  lies  in  that 
portion  of  the  key  preceding  aa,  i.  e.,  under  a.  b  and  bb  under  a 
give  you  a  choice  between  Leaves  needle-shaped,  awl-shaped, 
strap-shaped  or  scale-like  and  Leaves  broad  and  flat.  The  leaf 
being  broad  and  flat  you  pass  to  c  and  cc  under  bb.  Here  you 
have  a  choice  between  Leaves  alternate  or  clustered  and  Leaves 
opposite  or  ivhorlcd.  Inspection  shows  the  arrangement  to  be 
opposite,  and  you  know  that  the  genus  sought  lies  in  that  portion 
of  the  key  between  cc  and  aa.  Passing  to  d  and  dd  under  cc 
gives  the  choice  between  Margin  of  leaves  entire  or  only  slightly 
undulate  and  Margin  of  leaves  serrate  to  lobed.  The 
—  xix  — 


leaf  is  deeply  lobed.  It  is  then  either  a  Viburnum  or  an  Acer, 
and  the  fact  that  the  leaf-margin  is  lobed  and  not  finely  serrate 
brings  the  chase  down  to  Acer.  Before  going  further  go  back 
over  the  key  and  make  careful  note  of  the  particular  characters 
which  were  used  to  separate  this  genus  from  the  other  genera 
and  try  to  fix  these  in  mind.  This  done,  turn  to  the  page  indi 
cated,  where  you  will  find  a  Summer  Key  to  the  Species  of  Acer. 
You  run  through  this  key  in  the  same  manner  that  you  did  the 
genus  key.  If  you  have  been  careful  in  your  search  you  will 
finally  stop  at  Acer  saccharum.  Once  more  pause  and  go  bacV 
over  this  key  and  try  to  fix  in  mind  the  characters  which  were 
used  to  separate  the  various  species,  especially  the  difference 
between  your  tree  and  Acer  platanoidcs,  which  it  so  closely 
resembles.  This  done,  turn  to  the  page  indicated  and  compare 
the  characters  of  your  tree  with  the  drawings  and  descriptions. 
If  you  are  satisfied  with  your  diagnosis,  well  and  good.  If  you 
find  that  you  are  wrong,  go  over  the  keys  again  and  find  wherein 
you  were  led  astray. 

Before  you  leave  the  tree  take  a  sample  of  leaf  properly 
labeled  which  you  can  press  between  the  pages  of  an  old  magazine 
and  save  for  future  reference.  Do  this  with  other  trees  which 
you  may  find  and  when  you  get  home  lay  them  out  side  by  side 
so  that  the  labels  will  not  show  and  compare  them.  A  few  trials 
of  this  kind  will  serve  to  form  a  mental  picture  of  each  leaf 
which  you  will  remember. 

A  very  helpful  practice  for  the  beginner  is  that  of  making 
keys  based  upon  various  characters.  Practice  keys  of  this  kind 
will  bring  out  the  differences  and  likenesses  of  trees  as  will  no 
other  means,  and  characters  which  have  hitherto  escaped  the  eye 
will  be  prominently  brought  forward.  Nor  should  the  student 
take  his  characters  from  books,  but  rather  should  he  go  to  the 
woods  and  get  his  knowledge  first  hand. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  state  that  the  key  is  a  valuable 
crutch  while  learning  to  walk,  but  once  the  leg  is  strong  enough 
to  bear  the  weight  it  should  be  discarded,  lest  it  become  a  burden. 
A  key  has  for  its  main  object  the  guidance  of  the  student  through 
the  preliminary  steps  leading  to  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
trees.  When  once  he  knows  a  tree,  instinctively,  because  of  long 
acquaintance  with  it,  just  as  he  knows  people,  then  the  need  for 
a  key  will  have  ceased. 

—  xx  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA* 

a.  Leaves  simple.       , 

b.  Leaves  needle-shaped,  awl-shaped,   strap-shaped  or   scale- 
like, 
c.  Leaves  in  clusters  of  2-many. 

d.  Leaves    in    clusters    of    2-5,    sheathed,    persistent    for 

several  years PINUS,  p.  4. 

eld.  Leaves  in  fascicles  of  8-many,  on  short,  lateral  branch- 
lets,  deciduous  in  autumn LARIX,  p.  17. 

cc.  Leaves  solitary,  not  clustered, 
d.  Leaves  opposite. 

e.  Twigs  flattened ;  leaves  all  of  one  kind,  scale-like, 
decurrent  on  the   stem;    fruit  a   small,  pale  brown 

cone   THUJA,  p.  31. 

ee.  Twigs  essentially  terete ;  leaves  of  two  kinds,  either 
scale-like,  or  else  awl-shaped,  often  both  kinds  on 
the  same  branch,  not  decurrent  on  the  stem;  fruit 

berry-like,  bluish JUNIPERUS,  p.  33- 

d.  Leaves  alternate  or  spirally-whorled. 
e.  Leaves  flattened,  soft  to  the  touch. 

f.  Leaves  J^-i Y$  .inches  long,  sessile,  aromatic;  cones 
2-4  inches  long;  bark  of  trunk  with  raised  blisters 

containing  resin ABIES,  p.  27. 

ff.  Leaves  seldom  over  J^   inch  long,  short-petioled, 
not  aromatic;  cones  about  Y$  inch  long;  bark  of 

trunk  without  raised  blisters TSUGA,  p.  29. 

ee.  Leaves  4-sided,  harsh  to  the  touch.  . .  .  PICEA,  p.  18. 
bb.  Leaves  broad  and  flat. 

c.  Leaves  alternate  or  clustered,  never  opposite  nor  whorled. 
d.  Margin  of  leaves  entire  or  only  slightly  undulate. 


*  See  page  xvm. 


e.  Leaves   heart-shaped   or   rounded;    fruit   a   legume 

CERCIS,  p.  167. 

ee.  Leaves  oval,  ovate  or  obovate;  fruit  not  a  legume, 
f.  Branches  armed  with  stout,  straight  spines;  fruit 

large,   orange-like MACLURA,  p.   133. 

ff.  Branches  without  spines;  fruit  small,  not  orange- 
like. 

g.  Fruit  an  acorn V.  .QUERCUS,  p.  96. 

gg.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry. 

h.  Twigs  spicy-aromatic  when  bruised ;  leaves  of 

many  shapes  on  the  same  branch 

.SASSAFRAS,   p.    139. 

hh.  Twigs  not  spicy-aromatic;  leaves  not  of  many 

shapes  on  the  same  branch, 
i.  Leaves  thick,  abruptlju^ointed,  very  lustrous 
above,    not    clustered    at    the    ends    of    the 

branches  NYSSA,  p.  209. 

ii.  Leaves     thin,     long-pointed,     not     lustrous 
above,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches 

CORNUS,  p.  202. 

dd.  Margin  of  leaves  serrate,  toothed  or  lobed. 
e.  Margin  of  leaves  serrate  to  toothed. 

f.  Branches  armed  with  stiff,  sharp  thorns 

' CRATAEGUS,  p.  151. 

ff.  Branches  not  armed. 

g.  Base  of  leaves  decidedly  oblique, 
h.  Leaf-blades  about  as  long  as  they  are  broad, 

heart-shaped TILIA,  p.  201. 

hh.  Leaf-blades  1^/2-2  times  as  long  as  they  are 
broad,  oval  to  ovate, 
i.  Leaves    thin,    coarsely   but    singly    serrate; 

fruit  a  globular  drupe,  ripe  in  autumn 

CELTIS,  p.   131. 

ii.  Leaves  thick,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate; 

fruit  a  samara,  ripe  in  spring 

ULMUS,  p.   122. 

gg.  Base  of  leaves  essentially  symmetrical, 
h.  Teeth  coarse,  2-5  per  inch  of  margin, 
i.  Leaves   very   glabrous   both   sides;    fruit   a 
prickly  bur. 

—  xxn  — 


j.  Leaves    3-5    inches    long,    very    lustrous 
beneath;    bark   close,    smooth,    steel-gray 

FAGUS,  p.  93. 

jj.  Leaves  6-8  inches  long,  not  lustrous  be- 
neath ;  bark  fissured,  brownish 

-. CASTANEA,  p.  95. 

ii.  Leaves    pubescent    or    white-tomentose,    at 
least  beneath ;  fruit  not  a  prickly  bur. 
j.  Leaves  2-4  inches  long,  broadly  ovate  to 
suborbicular ;   fruit  a  very  small  capsule, 

falling  in  spring POPULUS,  p.  44. 

jj.  Leaves  4-7  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate 
to    obovate;    fruit   an    acorn,    falling    in 

autumn QUERCUS,  p.  96. 

hh.  Teeth  fine,  6-many  per  inch  of  margin. 

i.  Leaf-petioles    laterally    compressed;    leaves 

tremulous    POPULUS,   p.44- 

ii.  Leaf-petioles    terete;    leaves   not   tremulous, 
j.  Leaf-blades   at   least  3   times  as   long  as 
they  are  broad. 

k.  Twigs  brittle;   fruit  a  very  small  cap- 
sule, falling  in  spring. . .  .SALIX,  p.  34. 
kk.  Twigs  tough;  fruit  a  fleshy  drupe,  fall-- 
ing in  late  summer  or  autumn 

PRUNUS,  p.  152. 

jj.  Leaf-blades  not  more  than  twice  as  long 
as  they  are  broad. 

k.  Leaf-blades  about  twice  as  long  as  they 
are  broad. 

1.  Margin  of  leaves  singly  serrate;  fruit 
fleshy. 

m.  Lenticels  conspicuous;  pith  whit- 
ish or  brownish ;  bark  easily  peeled 
off  in  papery  layers;  buds  ovoid. . 

PRUNUS,  p.   152. 

mm.  Lenticels    inconspicuous ;    pith 
greenish;  bark  not  separable  into 
papery    layers;    buds   narrow-corf- 
ical....AMELANCHIER,  p.   149. 
11.  Margin  of  leaves  doubly  serrate;  fruit 
not  fleshy. 
— •  xxm  — 


ni.  Trunk  fluted;  fruit  inclosed  within 

a  halberd-shaped  involucre 

CARPINUS,  p.  83. 

mm.  Trunk  not  fluted;  fruit  not  in- 
closed within  a  halberd-shaped 
involucre. 

n.  Bark  of  trunk  gray-brown,  brok- 
en into  narrow,  flattish  pieces 
loose  at  the  ends ;  fruit  in  hop- 
like  strobiles... OSTRY A,  p.  81. 
nn.  Bark  of  trunk  white,  yellow  or 
dark  brown,  platy  or  cleaving  off 
in  papery  layers;  fruit  not  in 
hop-like  strobiles 

B:ETULA,  p.  84. 

kk.  Leaf-blades    almost    as    broad    as    they 
are  long. 

1.  Lower  side  of  leaves  more  or  less 
downy ;  sap  milky ;  leaves  not  crowded 
on  short,  spur-like  branchlets ;  fruit 
berry-like,  black.  ..  .MORUS,  p.  135. 
11.  Lower  side  of  leaves  glabrous;  sap 
not  milky;  leaves  crowded  on  short, 
spur-like  branchlets ;  fruit  a  large, 

green  pome PYRUS,  p.  142. 

ee.  Margin  of  leaves  distinctly  lobed. 

f.  Fruit  an  acorn QUERCUS,  p.  96. 

ff.  Fruit  not  an  acorn. 

g.  Leaves  fan-shaped,  with  many  fine  veins  radiat- 
ing from  the  base  of  the  blade.  .GINKGO,  p.  3. 
gg.  Leaves  not  fan-shaped,  without  many  fine  veins 

radiating  from  the  base  of  the  blade, 
h.  Leaf-lobes  entire. 

i.  Leaf-petioles  5-6  inches  long ;  leaves  lustrous 
above;  twigs  not  aromatic  when  bruised. .. . 

LIRIODENDRON,  p.  137. 

ii.  Leaf-petioles  about  i  inch  long;  leaves  dull 
above;    twigs    spicy-aromatic    when    bruised 

SASSAFRAS,  p.  139. 

hh.  Leaf-lobes  sinuate-toothed  to  serrate. 

—  XXIV  — 


i.  Leaf-lobes    coarsely    sinuate-toothed 

PLATANUS,  p.  141. 

ii.  Leaf-lobes  serrate. 

j.  Branches  armed  with  stiff,  sharp  thorns; 

sap  not  milky CRATAEGUS,  p.  151. 

jj.  Branches    unarmed ;    sap    milky 

MORUS,  p.  135. 

cc.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

d.  Margin  of  leaves  entire  or  only  slightly  undulate, 
e.  Leaves.  3-5  inches  long;  spray  fine;  fruit  an  ovoid, 

scarlet  drupe CORNUS,  p.  202. 

ee.  Leaves  5-12  inches  long;  spray  coarse;  fruit  a  long, 

slender-cylindrical  capsule CATALPA,  p.  222. 

dd.  Margin  of  leaves  serrate  to  lobed. 

e.  Margin  of  leaves  finely  serrate 

VIBURNUM,  p.  229. 

ee.  Margin  of  leaves  distinctly  lobed ACER,  p.  1/2. 

aa.  Leaves  comound. 
b.  Leaves  alternate. 

c.  Leaves  simple-pinnate. 

d.  Branchlets  armed  with  short,  sharp  prickles 

..ROBINIA,   p.    169. 

dd.  Branchlets  unarmed. 

e.  Leaflets    entire    with    the    exception    of   2    or   more 

coarse,  glandular  teeth  at  the  base 

AILANTHUS,  p.  171. 

ee.  Leaflets  serrate  the  entire  length. 

f.  Upper  leaflets  less  than  i  inch  broad, 
g.  Trunk    and    large    branches    armed    with    stout 

spines ;  leaflets  ^4-1^2  inches  long 

GLEDITSIA,  p.  165. 

gg.  Trunk  and  large  branches  unarmed ;  leaflets  2-3 

inches  long  PYRUS,  p.  142. 

ff.  Upper  leaflets  1-5  inches  broad. 

g.  Leaflets  5-11;   pith  homogeneous 

CARYA,  p.  66. 

gg.  Leaflets  11-23 ;  pith  chambered 

JUGLANS,    p.    60. 

cc.  Leaves  bi-pinnate. 

—  xxv  — 


,d.  Trunk  and  large  branches  armed  with  stout  spines; 

leaflets  &-ij£  inches  long GLEDITSIA,  p.  165. 

dd.  Trunk   and   large   branches    unarmed ;    leaflets   2-2^2 

inches  long GYMNOCLADUS,  p.  163. 

bb.  Leaves  opposite. 

c.  Leaves  pinnately  compound ;  fruit  a  samara. 

d.  Leaflets  3-5 ;  samaras  paired ACER,  p.  1/2. 

dd.  Leaflets  7-11,  exceptionally  5;  samaras  not  paired.... 

FRAXINUS,   p.   210. 

cc.  Leaves  digitately  compound ;  fruit  a  prickly  bur 

AESCULUS,  p.  194. 


—   XXVI  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA* 

a.  Leaves  persistent  and  green  throughout  the  winter,  needle- 
shaped,  awl-shaped  or  scale-like. 

b.  Leaves  in  clusters  of  2-5,  sheathed PINUS,  p.  5. 

bb.  Leaves  solitary,  not  clustered, 
c.  Leaves  opposite. 

d.  Twigs    flattened;    leaves   all    of   one   kind,    scale-like, 
decurrent  on  the  stem;  fruit  a  small,  pale  brown  cone 

THUJA,  p.  31. 

dd.  Twigs  essentially  terete;  leaves  of  two  kinds,  either 
scale-like,  or  else  awl-shaped,  often  both  kinds  on  the 
same  branch,  not  decurrent  on  the  stem ;  fruit  berry- 
like,  bluish JUNIPERUS,  p.  33- 

cc.  Leaves  alternate  or  spirally-whorled. 
d.  Leaves  flattened,  soft  to  the  touch. 

e.  Leaves  /^-i/4  inches  long,  sessile,  aromatic;   cones 
2-4  inches  long;  bark  of  trunk  with  raised  blisters 

containing  resin ABIES,  p.  27. 

ee.  Leaves  seldom  over  J4  inch  long,  short-petioled,  not 
aromatic;  cones  about  *4  inch  long;  bark  of  trunk 

without  raised  blisters TSUGA,  p.  29. 

dd.  Leaves  4-sided,  harsh  to  the  touch PICEA,  p.  19. 

aa.  Leaves  not  persistent  and  green  throughout  the  winter,  but 
deciduous  in  early  autumn. 

b.  Twigs,  branches  or  trunks  armed  with  stiff,  sharp  prickles, 
spines  or  thorns. 

c.  Thorns  or  spines  not  exceeding  ^  inch  in  length  on  the 
branches, 
d.  Spines  in  pairs  at  each  node;  buds  rusty-hairy,  3-4 

superposed ;  fruit  a  flat  pod ROBINIA,  p.  169. 

dd.  Spines  one  at  each  node;  buds  glabrous,  not  super- 
posed; fruit  orange-like MACLURA,  p.  133. 

*  See  page  xvm. 

—  xxvn  — • 


cc.  Thorns  or  spines  much  exceeding  J^  inch  in  length  on 
the  branches. 

d.  Thorns  usually  branched,  situated  above  the  nodes, 
lateral  buds  superposed,  the  lower  covered  by  bark ; 

fruit  a  flat  pod GLEDITSIA,  p.  165. 

dd.  Thorns  unbranched  on  twigs,  situated  at  the  nodes, 
lateral   buds   not   superposed,   not   covered   by  bark; 

fruit  a  small  pome CRATAEGUS,  p.  151. 

bb.  Twigs,  branches  or  trunks  unarmed. 

c.  Leaf-scars  mainly  crowded  on  short,  stout,  lateral  shoots. 

d.  Bundle-scar  i ;  fruit  a  cone,  usually  present 

LARIX,  p.   17. 

dd.  Bundle-scars    2;    fruit    a    globose    drupe,    falling    in 

autumn  GINKGO,  p.  3. 

cc.  I.eaf-scars  distributed  along  the  lateral  branches. 

d.  Leaf-scars    (or    some   of   them)    3    at   a   node,    i.    e., 

whorled CATALPA,    p.    223. 

dd.  Leaf-scars  1-2  at  a  node,  i.  e.,  not  whorled. 
e.  Leaf-scars  2  at  a  node,  i.  e.,  opposite. 

f.  Terminal   buds    l/2-iY2   inches   long,    resin-coated ; 

twigs  very  stout AESCULUS,  p.  195. 

ff.  Terminal  buds  rarely  exceeding  l/2  inch  in  length, 
not  resin-coated;  twigs  not  conspicuously  stout, 
g.  Leaf  buds  with  I  pair  of  scales  visible. 

h.  Buds  scurfy-pubescent.. VIBURNUM,  p.  229. 

hh.  Buds  glabrous CORN  US,  p.  20.3. 

gg.  Leaf  buds  with  2  or  more  pairs  of  scales  visible. 
h.  Bundle-scars   usually   3,   distinct,   separated. . 

ACER,   p.    174- 

hh.  Bundle-scars  many,  minute,  more  or  less  con- 
fluent in  a  U-shaped  line 

FRAXINUS,   p.   211. 

ee.  Leaf-scars  i  at  a  node,  i.  e.,  alternate. 
f.  Bundle-scars  1-3. 

g.  Bundle-scar  only  i,  or  appearing  as  i. 
h.  Twigs  bright  green,   spicy-aromatic;   bundle- 
scar  appearing  as  a  horizontal  line ;  terminal 

bud  present ;  pith  homogeneous 

SASSAFRAS,  p.  139. 

—  xxvni  — 


hh.  Twigs  brownish,  not  spicy-aromatic;  bundle- 
scar  appearing  as  a  large  dot;  terminal  bud 

absent;  pith  chambered CELTIS,  p.  131. 

gg.  Bundle-scars  3  or  in  3  compound,  but  distinct 
groups. 

h.  Terminal  bud  present, 
i.  Stipule-scars  present. 

j.  First  scale  of  lateral  bud  directly  in  front, 
i.  e.,  exactly  above  the  center  of  the  leaf- 
scar;  twigs  brittle;  pith  somewhat  star- 
shaped  in  cross-section. POPULUS,  p.  45. 
jj.  First  scale  of  lateral  bud  not  directly  in 
front,  i.  e.,  to  one  side  of  the  center  of  the 
leaf-scar;  twigs  not  brittle;  pith  circular 

in  cross-section PRUNUS,  p.  153. 

ii.  Stipule-scars  absent. 

j.  Buds    bright    to    dark    red,    the   terminal 
Y^A  inch  long. 

k.  Branches  contorted,  bearing  many 
short,  spur-like  branchlets;  fruit  an 
apple  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  light 

green PYRUS,  p.  143. 

kk.  Branches  not  contorted,  not  bearing 
short,  spur-like  branchlets;  fruit  berry- 
like,  YZ  inch  long,  blue-black 

NYSSA,  p.  209. 

jj.  Buds  brownish  to  gray,  the  terminal  ex- 
ceeding }4  inch  in  length, 
k.  Buds     narrow-conical,      sharp-pointed ; 
leaf-scars     small,     narrowly     crescent- 
shaped;    twigs    about   Me    inch    thick; 
pith  -homogeneous ;  fruit  berry-like,  not 

present AMELANCHIER,   p.   149. 

kk.  Buds  broadly  conical  to  ovoid,  blunt- 
pointed;  leaf-scars  conspicuous,  broad- 
ly heart-shaped;  twigs  about  J4  inch 
thick;  pith  chambered;  fruit  a  nut, 

often  present JUGLANS,  p.  61. 

hh.  Terminal  bud  absent   (sometimes  present  on 
short  shoots  of  Betula). 

—   XXIX   — 


i.  Stipule-scars  present, 
j.  Bud-scale  only  i  visible;  twigs  brittle... 

SALIX,  p.  34- 

jj.  Bud-scales  2  or  more;   twigs  not  brittle, 
k.  Bark    smooth,   close,   warty   or   peeling 
into   papery  layers,   but  not   flaky  nor 
rough-ridged. 

1.  Tip  of  bud  appressed;  fruit  berry- 
like CELT1S,  p.  131. 

11.  Tip  of  bud  not  appressed;  fruit  not 
berry-like. 

m.  Trunk  fluted;  catkins  not  present 
in  winter;  lenticels  not  elongated 
horizontally;  low  tree  or  bushy 

shrub CARPINUS,  p.  83. 

mm.  Trunk  not  fluted;  catkins  usually 
present  in  winter;  lenticels  elong- 
ated horizontally;  large  trees 

BETULA,   p.   85. 

kk.  Bark  flaky  or  rough-ridged,  not  warty 
nor  peeling  off  in  papery  layers. 
1.  Bundle-scars   depressed,  conspicuous; 
bark  thick,  more  or  less  deeply  fur- 
rowed  ULMUS,   p.    123. 

11.  Bundle-scars  not  depressed,  incon- 
spicuous ;  bark  thin,  broken  into  nar- 
row, flattish  strips,  loose  at  the  ends. . 

OSTRYA,  p.  8r. 

ii.  Stipule-scars  absent. 

j.  Buds    silky-pubescent,    depressed;    twigs 
stout,    clumsy,    blunt,    with    conspicuous 

leaf-scars GYMNOCLADUS,  p.   163. 

jj.  Buds  glabrous,  not  depressed;  twigs  slen- 
der, with  inconspicuous  leaf-scars, 
k.  Buds    Y&    inch    long,   obtuse,    somewhat 
flattened  and  appressed;  pith  with  red- 
dish   longitudinal    streaks 

CERCIS,  p.   167. 

kk.  Buds  y^A  inch  long,  acute,  not  flat- 
tened nor  appressed ;  pith  without  red- 
dish streaks PRUNUS,  p.  153- 

—  XXX  — 


ff.  Bundle-scars  4-many. 

g.  Bundle-scars  in  a  single  U-shaped  line, 
h.  Terminal    bud    present;    fruit    berry-like;    a 

shrub  or  small  tree PYRUS,  p.  143. 

hh.  Terminal    bud   absent;    fruit   not   berry-like; 
large  trees. 

i.  Stipule-scars  present;  twigs  slender. 
j.  Stipule-scars    encircling    the    twig;    leaf- 
scars   nearly  surrounding  the  bud;   bark 
peeling   off   in   thin  plates,   exposing  the 

lighter  colored  inner  bark 

PLATANUS,  p.   141. 

jj.  Stipule-scars  not  encircling  the  twig;  leaf- 
scars  not  nearly  surrounding  the  bud; 
bark  thick,  rough-ridged,  not  exposing  the 

inner  bark ULMUS,  p.  123. 

ii.  Stipule-scars  absent;  twigs  very  stout. 

j.  Bundle-scars  usually  not  more  than  5 

GYMNOCLADUS,  p.  163. 

jj.  Bundle-scars  usually  6-12 

AILANTHUS,  p.  171. 

gg.  Bundle-scars    variously    grouped    or    scattered, 
but  not  in  a  single  line, 
h.  Terminal  bud  present, 
i.  Stipule-scars  present, 
j.  Stipule-scars  encircling  the  twig;   visible 

bud-scales  2,  united 

URIODENDRON,  p.  137. 

jj.  Stipule-scars  not  encircling  the  twig;  vis- 
ible bud-scales  more  than  2,  not  united, 
k.  Buds   4   times   as   long   as   broad,   not 
clustered  at  the  tips  of  vigorous  shoots; 

fruit  a  prickly  bur FAGUS,  p.  93. 

kk.  Buds  not  4  times  as  long  as  broad, 
usually  clustered  at  the  tips  of  vig- 
orous shoots ;  fruit  an  acorn 

QUERCUS,  p.  98. 

ii.  Stipule-scars  absent CARYA,  p.  67. 

hh.  Terminal  bud  absent  (occasionally  present  in 
Castanea). 

—  xxxi  — 


i.  Bud  at  end  of  twig  very  obliquely  unsym- 

metrical,  mucilaginous  when  chewed 

TILIA,  p.  201. 

ii.  Bud  at  end  of  twig  symmetrical,  not  muci- 
laginous when  chewed. 

j.  Bud-scales  2-3  visible;  pith  star-shaped  in 
cross-section ;     sap    not    milky ;     fruit    a 

prickly  bur,  present ;  large  tree 

CASTANEA,  p.  95. 

jj.  Bud-scales    4-8    visible;     pith    not    star- 
shaped  in  cross-section ;  sap  milky ;  fruit 

berry-like,  not  present;  small  tree 

MORUS,  p.  135- 


—  xxxn  — 


MANUAL  OF  TREES 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES 

WITH 

SUMMER  AND  WINTER  KEYS 
TO  THE  SPECIES 


Ginkgo.    Maidenhair  Tree 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  J4. 

2.  Leaf,  x  l/2. 

3.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

4.  Staminate   flower,   enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  I. 


GINKGOACEAE 

Ginkgo.*     Maidenhair  Tree 

Ginkgo  biloba  L.     [Salisburia  adiantifolia  Smith] 

HABIT. — A  slender  tree  in  youth,  with  slender,  upright 
branches,  becoming  broader  with  age  and  forming  a  symmetrical, 
pyramidal  crown ;  probably  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  2-4  feet. 

LEAVES.— Clustered  at  the  ends  of  short,  spur-like  shoots, 
or  scattered  alternately  on  the  long  terminal  branches ;  simple ; 
2-5  inches  broad ;  more  or  less  fan-shaped ;  usually  bilobed 
and  irregularly  crenate  at  the  upper  extremity;  thin  and  leath- 
ery ;  glabrous,  pale  yellow-green  on  both  sides ;  petioles  long, 
slender;  turning  a  clear,  golden  yellow  before  falling  in  autumn. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  dioecious;  the  staminate 
in  short-stalked,  pendulous  catkins,  i-iJ/2  inches  long,  yellow;  the 
pistillate  more  or  less  erect  on  the  shoot,  long-stalked,  consisting 
of  2  naked  ovules,  one  of  which  usually  aborts. 

FRUIT. — Autumn;  a  more  or  less  globose  drupe,  orange - 
yellow  to  green,  about  I  inch  in  diameter,  consisting  of  an  acrid, 
foul-smelling  pulp  inclosing  a  smooth,  whitish,  somewhat  flat- 
tened, almond-flavored  nut. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  about  %  inch  long,  conical, 
smooth,  light  chestnut-brown ;  lateral  buds  divergent,  usually  only 
on  rapid-growing  shoots. 

BARK. — Twigs  gray-brown  and  smooth;  thick,  ash-gray  and 
somewhat  roughened  on  the  trunk,  becoming  more  or  less  fissured 
in  old  age. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  yellow-white  to 
light  red-brown,  with  thin,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

NOTES. — Origin  in  dispute,  but  probably  a  native  of  north- 
ern China.  Extensively  cultivated  in  China  and  Japan,  where  its 
fruit  is  esteemed.  Easily  propagated  from  seed.  Thrives  in 
deep,  well-drained,  rich  soil.  Practically  free  from  insects  and 
fungous  attacks,  and  little  harmed  by  the  smoke  of  cities.  Prob- 
ably hardy  throughout  the  southern  half  of  the  Lower  Peninsula. 


*  Although     formerly    classed     under     PINACEAE,     recent 
investigations  show  it  to  be  the  type  of  a  distinct  family. 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  PINUS 

a.  Leaves  5  in  a  cluster ;  cones  4-10  inches  long 

P.  strobus,  p.  7. 

aa.  Leaves  2  in  a  cluster;  cones  less  than  4  inches  long, 
b.  Leaves  1-3  inches  long. 

c.  Leaves  about  i  inch  long,  divergent;  cones  sessile,  point- 
ing forward  towards  the  tip  of  the  branch,  persistent 
10-15  years,  opening  very  unevenly.. P.  banksiana,  p.  9. 
cc.  Leaves  1^-3  inches  long,  slightly  divergent;  cones  stout- 
stalked,    pointing    away    from    the    tip    of    the    branch, 

maturing  in  second  season,  opening  evenly 

P.  syh'cstris,  p.  13. 

bb.  Leaves  3-6  inches  long. 

c.  Bark   of   trunk   red-brown ;    cones   maturing   in    second 
season,  about  2  inches  long;  cone-scales  thickened  at  the 

apex,  but  unarmed P.  resinosa,  p.  15. 

cc.  Bark  of  trunk  gray  to  nearly  black;  cones  maturing  in 
first  season,  2-3  inches  long;  cone-scales  thickened  at  the 

apex  and  topped  with  a  short  spine 

P.  laricio  austriaca,  p.  II. 


—  4  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  PINUS 

a.  Leaves  5  in  a  cluster ;  cones  4-10  inches  long 

P.  strobus,  p.  7. 

aa.  Leaves  2  in  a  cluster;  cones  less  than  4  inches  long, 
b.  Leaves  1-3  inches  long. 

c.  Leaves  about  I  inch  long,  divergent ;  cone%s  sessile,  point- 
ing forward  towards  the  tip  of  the  branch,  persistent 
10-15  years,  opening  very  unevenly.  ..P.  banksiana,  p.  9. 
cc.  Leaves  1^2-3  inches  long,  slightly  divergent;  cones  stout- 
stalked,    pointing    away    from    the    tip    of    the    branch, 

maturing  in  second  season,  opening  evenly 

P.  sylvestns,  p.  13. 

bb.  Leaves  3-6  inches  long. 

c.  Bark   of   trunk    red-brown ;    cones   maturing   in    second 
season,  about  2  inches  long;  cone-scales  thickened  at  the 

apex,  but  unarmed P.  resinosa,  p.  15. 

cc.  Bark  of  trunk  gray  to  nearly  black;  cones  maturing  in 
first  season,  2-3  inches  long;  cone-scales  thickened  at  the 

apex  and  topped  with  a  short  spine 

P.  laricio  austriaca,  p.  n. 


—  5  — 


White  Pine 


1.  Cluster  of  leaves,  x  i. 

2.  Cross-sections  of  leaves,  enlarged. 

3.  Partly  opened  cone,  x  j£. 

4.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  i. 


—  6  — 


PINACEAE 
White  Pine 

Pinus  strobus  L. 

HABIT.— A  large  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  2-4  feet;  forming  a  wide,  pyramidal  crown.  Formerly  trees 
100-150  feet  in  height  and  5-7  feet  in  trunk  diameter  were  not 
exceptional. 

LEAVES. — In  clusters  of  five;  3-5  inches  long;  slender, 
straight,  needle-shaped,  3-sided,  mucronate;  pale  blue-green. 
Persistent  about  2  years. 

FLOWERS. — June ;  monoecious ;  the  staminate  oval,  light 
brown,  about  Ys  inch  long,  surrounded  by  6-8  involucral  bracts; 
the  pistillate  cylindrical,  about  J4  'ncn  l°ng>  pinkish  purple,  long- 
stalked. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  second  season,  falling  during  the 
winter  and  succeeding  spring;  pendent,  short-stalked,  narrow- 
cylindrical,  often  curved,  greenish  cones,  4-10  inches  long;  scales 
rather  loose,  slightly  thickened  at  the  apex;  seeds  red-brown,  J^ 
inch  long,  with  wings  I  inch  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.  —  Oblong-ovoid,  sharp-pointed,  yellow- 
brown,  J4-J/2  inch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  rusty-tomentose,  later  smooth  and 
light  brown,  finally  thin,  smooth,  greenish ;  thick,  dark  gray  on 
the  trunk,  shallowly  fissured  into  broad,  scaly  ridges. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  compact,  straight-grained,  easily 
worked,  light  brown,  with  thin,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Upper  Peninsula  and  Lower  Peninsula 
north  of  Allegan,  Eaton  and  St.  Clair  Counties.  Often  planted 
as  an  ornamental  tree  farther  south. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  a  light,  fertile  loam;  sandy  soils  of 
granite  origin. 

NOTES. — Rapid  of  growth.  Small  seedlings  easily  trans- 
planted. Formerly  very  abundant,  but  rapidly  nearing  extinction 
through  destructive  lumbering. 


Jack  Pine.  Scrub  Pine 


1.  Cluster  of  leaves,  x  I. 

2.  Cross-section  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

3.  Branchlet  with  unopened  cone,  x  i. 

4.  Branchlet  with  opened  cone,  x  I. 

5.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  i. 


-8  — 


PINACEAE 
Jack  Pine.    Scrub  Pine 

Pimis  banksiana  Lamb.    [Pinus  divaricata  {Ait.} 
Du  Mont  de  Cours.] 

HABIT.— Usually  a  small  tree  20-30  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  8-12  inches;  forming  a  crown  varying  from  open  and 
symmetrical  to  scrubby,  stunted,  and  variously  distorted. 

LEAVES.— In  clusters  of  two;  about  I  inch  long;  narrow- 
linear,  with  sharp-pointed  apex ;  stout,  curved  or  twisted,  diver- 
gent from  a  short  sheath ;  dark  gray-green.  Persistent  2-3  years. 

FLOWERS. — May-June;  monoecious;  the  staminate  in  ob- 
long clusters  J4  inch  long,  composed  of  many  sessile,  yellow 
anthers  imbricated  upon  a  central  axis;  the  pistillate  in  sub- 
globose  clusters,  composed  of  many  carpel-like,  purple  scales 
(subtended  by  small  bracts)  spirally  arranged  upon  a  central  axis. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  second  or  third  season,  but  remaining 
closed  for  several  years  and  persistent  on  the  tree  for  10-15  years ; 
erect,  usually  incurved,  oblong-conical,  sessile  cones,  1^2-2 
inches  long ;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex ;  seeds  triangular,  nearly 
black,  Y§  inch  long,  with  wings  l/$  inch  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  %  inch  long,  ovoid, 
rounded,  pale  brown ;  lateral  buds  smaller. 

BARK. — Twigs  yellow-green,  becoming  purple,  finally  dark 
red-brown  and  rough  with  the  persistent  bases  of  fallen  leaves; 
thin,  dark  red-brown  on  the  trunk,  with  shallow,  rounded  ridges, 
rough-scaly  on  the  surface.  • 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with 
thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION. — Common  from  Clare  County  northward; 
occurs  sparingly  along  the  lake  shore  as  far  south  as  Grand 
Haven  on  the  west  and  Port  Austin  on  the  east. 

HABITAT.— Sandy,  sterile  soil. 

NOTES.— Cones  open  unevenly.  Slow  of  growth.  Difficult 
to  transplant. 


Austrian  Fine.    Black  Fine 


1.  Cluster  of  leaves,  x  i. 

2.  Cross-section  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

3.  Unopened  cone,  x  i. 

4.  Partly  opened  cone,  x  l/2. 

5.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x   i. 

—  10  — 


PINACEAE 
Austrian  Pine.    Black  Pine 

Finns  laricio  austri-aca  Endl.     [Pinus  austnaca  Ho&s.] 


HABIT.— A  large  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  2-4  feet;  forming  a  massive,  spreading  crown  of  stiff,  strong 
branches. 

LEAVES.— In  clusters  of  two;  3-6  inches,  long;  slender, 
rigid,  sharp-pointed,  curved  towards  the  twig;  deep  green  on 
both  faces.  Persistent  3-6  years. 

FLOWERS. — May-June;  monoecious;  the  staminate  cylin- 
drical, subsessile,  bright  yellow,  about  ^  inch  long;  the  pistillate 
cylindrical,  small,  bright  red,  subsessile. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  second  season,  opening  two  years  after 
full  size  is  attained  and  remaining  on  the  tree  several  years; 
erect,  sessile,  long-ovoid  cones  2-3  inches  long;  scales  smooth, 
lustrous,  thickened  at  the  apex  and  topped  with  a  short  spine  in 
the  center;  seeds  red-brown,  %  inch  long,  with  wings  24  inch 
long. 

WINTER-BUDS.  —  Oblong-conical,  sharp-pointed,  red- 
brown,  resinous,  about  */2  inch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  brownish  to  olive-brown  and  smooth,  be-  • 
coming  darker  with  age;  thick,  gray  to  nearly  black  on  old 
trunks  and  coarsely  and  deeply  fissured. 

WOOD. — Light,  strong,  very  resinous,  red-brown,  with  thick 
yellowish  to  reddish  white  sapwood. 

NOTES.— Perfectly  hardy.  Adapts  itself  to  a  variety  of 
soils.  Well  adapted  for  screens  and  wind-breaks.  Easily  trans 
planted  when  small.  Grows  rapidly. 

—  11  — 


Scotch  Pine.    Scotch  Fir 


1.  Cluster  of  leaves,  x  r. 

2.  Cross-section  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

3.  Unopened  cone,  x  i. 

4.  Partly  opened  cone,  x  I. 

5.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  I. 


—  12 


PINACEAE 

Scotch  Pine,    Scotch  Fir 

Pinus  sylvestris  L. 


HABIT.— A  large  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  1-2  feet;  the  side  branches  persist,  forming  a  massive,  wide- 
spreading  crown. 

LEAVES. — In  clusters  of  two;  1^/2-3  inches  long;  stiff,  more 
or  less  twisted,  spreading  slightly  from  a  short  sheath;  bluish- 
or  often  glaucous-green.  Persistent  3-4  years. 

FLOWERS.— May-June;  monoecious;  the  staminate  ovoid, 
short-stalked,  yellowish,  about  J4  inch  long ;  the  pistillate  oblong, 
reddish,  short-stalked,  about  *4  inch  long. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  second  season,  falling  as  soon  as  ripe; 
pendent,  stout-stalked,  ovoid-conical  cones  Ij4-2j4  inches  long; 
scales  dull  gray-brown,  thickened  at  the  apex  into  4-sided,  re- 
curved points ;  seeds  red-brown,  nearly  *4  mch  long,  with  wings 
about  Y\  inch  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Oblong-ovoid,  sharp-pointed,  red-brown, 
resinous,  about  J4  mch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  reddish  to  orange-brown,  becoming  grayish ; 
thick,  dark  orange-brown  on  old  trunks  and  coarsely  and  deeply 
fissured. 

WOOD. — Light,  stiff,  straight-grained,  strong,  heavy,  hard, 
resinous,  red-brown,  with  thick,  yellow  to  reddish  white  sap- 
wood. 

NOTES. — Very  rapid  of  growth.  Reaches  perfection  only 
in  cold  or  elevated  regions.  Adapts  itself  to  a  variety  of  soils. 
A  valuable  ornamental  tree.  Very  useful  for  screens  or  shelter 
belts. 

—  13  — 


Red  Pine.    Norway  Pine 


1.  Cluster  of  leaves,  x  I. 

2.  Cross-section  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

3.  Opened  cone,  x  i. 

4.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  i. 


—  14  — 


PINACEAE 
Red  Pine.    Norway  Pine 

Finns  resinosa  Ait. 

HABIT.— A  large  tree  70-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  2-3  feet;  stout,  horizontal  branches  form  a  broad,  rounded, 
rather  open  crown. 

LEAVES. — In  clusters  of  two;  4-6  inches  long;  slender, 
straight,  needle-shaped,  sharp-pointed,  flexible,  from  elongated, 
persistent  sheaths ;  lustrous  dark  green.  Persistent  4-5  years. 

FLOWERS. — April-May;  monoecious;  the  staminate  in  ob- 
long, dense  clusters,  Yz-Y^  mcn  long,  composed  of  many  sessile, 
purple  anthers  imbricated  upon  a  central  axis;  the  pistillate  single 
or  few-clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  subglobose;  scales 
ovate,  scarlet,  borne  on  stout  peduncles  covered  with  pale  brown 
bracts. 

FRUIT.— Autumn  of  second  season,  falling  the  next  sum- 
mer; ovoid-conical,  nearly  sessile  cones,  about  2  inches  long; 
scales  thickened  at  the  apex ;  seeds  oval,  compressed,  light  mot- 
tled-brown, with  wings  Vz-Y^  inch  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.— About  -M  inch  long,  ovoid  or  conical, 
acute,  red-brown,  with  rather  loose  scales. 

BARK. — Twigs  orange-brown,  becoming  rough  with  the  per- 
sistent bases  of  leaf-buds;  thick  and  red-brown  on  the  trunk, 
shallowly  fissured  into  broad,  flat  ridges. 

WOOD. — Light,  hard,  very  close-grained,  pale  red,  with  thin, 
yellow  to  white  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Very  abundant  in  Clare  County  and 
northward;  frequent  on  the  east  side  of  the  state  as  far  south 
as  Port  Huron. 

HABITAT. — Sandy  plains  and  dry  woods. 

NOTES.— Rapid  of  growth  on  the  better  soils.  Difficult  to 
transplant. 

—  15  — 


Tamarack 


1.  Autumn  branchlet,  with  leaves  and  cones,  x  i. 

2.  Cross-section  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

3.  Fruiting  branchlet  in  winter,  x  I. 

4.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  2. 


—  16  — 


PINACEAE 
Tamarack 

Larix  laricina  {DuRoi}  Koch      [Larix  americana  Michx.} 

HABIT.— A  tree  sometimes  80-100  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  1-2  feet;  forming  a  broad,  open,  irregular  crown  of 
horizontal  branches. 

LEAVES.— Scattered  singly  along  the  leading  shoots  or 
clustered  on  the  short  lateral  branchlets ;  linear,  with  blunt  apex ; 
rounded  above,  keeled  beneath ;  about  I  inch  long ;  bright  green ; 
sessile.  Deciduous  in  early  autumn. 

FLOWERS. — April-May,  with  the  leaves,  monoecious;  the 
staminate  sessile,  subglobose,  yellow,  composed  of  many  short- 
stalked  anthers  spirally  arranged  about  a  central  axis;  the  pistil- 
late oblong,  short- stalked,  composed  of  orbicular,  green  scales 
(subtended  by  red  bracts)  spirally  arranged  about  a  central  axis. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  first  season,  but  persistent  on  the  tree 
for  a  year  longer ;  ovoid,  obtuse,  light  brown,  short-stalked  cones, 
Y^-Y^  incn  long;  seeds  */$  inch  long,  with  pale  brown  wings  widest 
near  the  middle. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Small,  globose,  lustrous,  dark  red. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  grayish,  glaucous,  later  light  orange- 
brown,  and  finally  dark  brown;  red-brown  and  scaly  on  the  trunk. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  coarse-grained,  very 
durable,  light  brown,  with  thin,  nearly  white  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION. — Common  throughout  the  state. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  cold,  deep  swamps,  or  in  the  north 
coming  out  on  the  drier  uplands. 

NOTES.— Becomes  a  picturesque  tree  in  old  age.  Should 
be  transplanted  while  dormant. 

—  17  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  PICEA 

a.  Leaves  J4-I  inch  long,  sharp-pointed;  twigs  glabrous. 
b.  Cones  1-2  inches  long,  maturing  in  first  season;  leaves-ill- 
scented  when  bruised P.  canadensis,  p.  21. 

bb.  Cones  3-6  inches  long,  maturing  in  second  season;  leaves 

not  ill-scented  when  bruised P.  abies,  p.  25. 

aa.  Leaves  ^-^  inch  long,  blunt-pointed;  twigs  rusty-pubescent 
P.   mariana,   p.   2.',. 


—  18 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  PICEA 

a.  Leaves  ^-i  inch  long,  sharp-pointed;  twigs  glabrous. 

b.  Cones    1-2   inches   long,   maturing   in   first   season;   leaves 

ill-scented  when  bruised P.  canadensis,  p  .21. 

bb.  Cones  3-6  inches  long,  maturing  in  second  season;  leaves 

not  ill-scented  when  bruised P.  abics,  p.  25 

aa.  Leaves  l/&-ty%  inch  long,  blunt-pointed ;  twigs  rusty-pubescent 
P.  mariana,  p.  23. 


—  19- 


White  Spruce 


1.  Winter  branchlet,  x  i. 

2.  Leaves,  x  i. 

3.  Cross-section  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

4.  Unopened  cone,  x  i. 

5.  Partly  opened  cone,  x  i. 
\  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  i. 


PINACEAE 
White  Spruce 

Picea  canadcnsis  (Mill.)  BSP.     [Picea  alba  Link] 

HABIT. — A  tree  50-60  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of 
1-2  feet;  forming  a  rather  broad,  open,  pyramidal  crown. 

LEAVES. — Spirally  arranged,  but  crowded  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  branches  by  the  twisting  of  those  on  the  under  side; 
awl-shaped,  4-sided,  incurved;  dark  blue-green;  about  ^4  inch 
long;  ill-scented  when  bruised.  Persistent  for  several  years. 

FLOWERS. — April-May;  monoecious;  the  staminate  oblong 
cylindrical,  long-stalked,  J/2-M  inch  long,  composed  of  many 
spirally  arranged,  red  anthers:  the  pistillate  oblong-cylindrical, 
composed  of  broad,  reddish  scales  (subtended  by  orbicular 
bracts)  spirally  arranged  upon  a  central  axis. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  or  early  winter  of  first  season,  falling 
soon  after  discharging  the  seeds;  pendent,  slender,  oblong- 
cylindrical,  nearly  sessile  cones,  1-2  inches  long;  seeds  about  ^ 
inch  long,  with  large  wings  oblique  at  the  apex. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Broadly  ovoid,  obtuse,  light  brown,  y^/i 
inch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  smooth,  gray-green,  becoming  orange-brown, 
finally  dark  gray-brown;  thin,  light  gray-brown  on  the  trunk, 
separating  into  thin,  plate-like  scales. 

WOOD.— Light,  soft,  weak,  straight-grained,  light  yellow, 
with  sapwood  of  the  same  color. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  in  the  northern  half  of  the 
Lower  Peninsula  and  throughout  the  Upper  Peninsula. 

HABITAT. — Low,  damp  woods;  banks  of  streams;  borders 
of  lakes ;  high  rocky  or  sandy  slopes ;  loves  the  cold  winters. 

NOTES. — A  vigorous  and  beautiful  tree  in  regions  suffi- 
ciently cold. 

—  21  — 


Black  Spruce 


1.  Winter  branchlet,  x  i. 

2.  Leaves,  x  2. 

3.  Cross-sections  of  leaves,  enlarged. 
4-5.  Opened  cones,  x  i. 

6.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  i. 


—  22  — 


PINACEAE 
Black  Spruce 

Picea  mariana  (Mill.)  BSP.    [Picea  nigra  Link} 

HABIT. — A  small  tree  20-30  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  6-10  inches;  forming  a  narrow-based,  conical,  more  or  less 
irregular  crown  of  short,  slender,  horizontal  branches;  often 
small  and  stunted. 

LEAVES. — Spirally  arranged,  spreading  in  all  directions; 
awl-shaped,  4-sided,  blunt  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  incurved ; 
stiff;  dark  blue-green  and  glaucous;  ]4,-*A  inch  long.  Persistent 
for  several  years. 

FLOWERS. — April-May;  monoecious;  the  staminate  sub- 
globose,  about  l/2  inch  long,  composed  of  many  spirally  arranged, 
dark  red  anthers;  the  pistillate  oblong-cylindrical,  composed  of 
broad,  purple  scales  (subtended  by  rounded,  toothed,  purple 
bracts)  spirally  arranged  upon  a  central  axis,  about  l/2  inch  long. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  first  season,  but  persistent  on  the 
branch  for  many  years ;  pendent,  ovoid,  short-stalked  cones, 
about  i  inch  long;  seeds  about  ^  inch  long,  with  pale  brown 
wings  Yz  inch  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Ovoid,  acute,  light  red-brown,  puberul- 
ou  s,  %  inch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  green  and  rusty-p'ubescent,  becoming 
dull  red-brown  and  rusty-pubescent ;  thin,  gray-brown  on  the 
trunk,  separating  into  thin,  appressed  scales. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  pale  yellow-white,  with  thin, 
pure  white  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Occurs  sparingly  in  southern  Michigan; 
more  abundant  in  the  northern  portions. 

HABITAT. — Cold,  sphagnous  bogs  and  swamps;  shores  of 
lakes. 

NOTES. — Short-lived.    Undesirable  for  ornamental  planting. 
Growing  to  its  largest  size  in  the  far  north. 
—  23  — 


Norway  Spruce 


1.  Branchlet  with  partly  opened  cone,  x  y2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  3. 

3.  Cross-sections  of  leaves,  enlarged. 

4.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  i. 


—  24  — 


PINACEAE 
Norway  Spruce 

Picea  abics  (/,.)  Karst.     [Picca  cxcclsa  Link] 

HABIT. — A  tree  50-70  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of 
1-3  feet;  forming  a  dense,  conical,  spire-topped  crown  of  numer- 
ous, drooping  branches  which  persist  nearly  to  the  ground. 

LEAVES. — Spirally  arranged  along  the  twig;  crowded; 
2^-1  inch  long;  rigid,  curved,  acute;  lustrous,  dark  green.  Per- 
sistent, 5-7  years. 

FLOWERS. — May;  monoecious;  the  staminate  ovoid  to  sub- 
globose,  long-stalked,  reddish  to  yellowish,  Y^-\  inch  long;  the 
pistillate  cylindrical,  sessile,  erect,  il/2-2  inches  long. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  first  season ;  sessile,  cylindrical  cones 
3-6  inches  long,  pendent  from  the  tips  of  the  uppermost  branches ; 
sterile  scales  very  short,  toothed ;  seeds  red-brown,  rough,  %  inch 
long,  with  long  wings. 

WINTER-BUDS. — Ovoid,  acute,  red-brown,  not  resinous, 
about  Y§  inch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  red-  or  orange-brown,  smooth  or  corrugated ; 
becoming  thin  and  gray-brown  on  old  trunks,  slightly  fissured, 
scaly. 

WOOD. — Light,  strong,  tough,  elastic,  soft,  fine-grained, 
white,  with  thick,  indistinguishable  sapwood. 

NOTES.— Grows  to  a  height  of  120-150  feet  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.  Perfectly  hardly  in  Michigan.  Easily  trans- 
planted. Adapts  itself  to  a  variety  -of  soils  and  climates.  Grows 
rapidly,  but  is  short-lived  in  our  country.  Desirable  for  orna- 
mental planting.  Useful  for  shelter  belts. 

—  25  — 


IJalsam  Fir 


I.  Winter  branchlet,  x  i. 
2-3.  Leaves,  x  2. 

4.  Cross-section  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

5.  Unopened  cone,  x  i. 

6.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  i. 


—  26  — 


PINACEAE 
Balsam  Fir 

Abies  balsamca  (L.)  Mill. 

HABIT.— A  slender  tree  40-60  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  12-18  inches;  branches  in  whorls  of  4-6,  forming  a 
symmetrical,  open  crown  widest  at  the  base  and  tapering  regularly 
upward. 

LEAVES. — Scattered,  spirally  arranged  in  rows,  on  young 
trees  extending  from  all  sides  of  the  branch,  on  old  trees  cover- 
ing the  upper  side  of  the  branch;  narrowly  linear,  with  apex 
acute  or  rounded;  ^2-1 J4  inches  long;  lustrous,  dark  green  above, 
pale  beneath;  sessile;  aromatic.  Persistent  8-10  years. 

FLOWERS. — May;  monoecious;  the  staminate  oblong- 
cylindrical,  yellow,  Y^  inch  long,  composed  of  yellow  anthers 
(subtended  by  scales)  spirally  arranged  upon  a  central  axis;  the 
pistillate  oblong-cylindrical,  I  inch  long,  composed  of  orbicular, 
purple  scales  (subtended  by  yellow-green  bracts)  spirally  ar- 
ranged upon  a  central  axis. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  first  season;  oblong-cylindrical,  erect, 
puberulous,  dark  purple  cones,  2-4  inches  long,  about  I  inch  thick; 
seeds  J4  mcn  'ong>  shorter  than  their  light  brown  wings. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Globose,  orange-green,  resinous,  Y^A 
inch  in  diameter. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  grayish  and  pubescent,  becoming 
gray-brown  and  smooth ;  thin  and  smooth  on  young  trunks,  pale 
gray-brown  and  marked  by  swollen  resin  chambers;  red-brown 
on  old  trunks  and  somewhat  roughened  by  small,  scaly  plates. 

WOOD.— Very  light,  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  perishable, 
pale  brown,  with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Occasional  in  the  southern  half  of  the 
Lower  Peninsula,  frequent  in  the  northern  half;  abundant  in  the 
Upper  Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  cool,  moist,  rich  soil;  low,  swampy 
ground ;  well-drained  hillsides. 

NOTES.— Grows  rapidly.  Short-lived.  Easily  transplanted. 
—  27  — 


Hemlock 


1.  Fruiting  branch  viewed  from  beneath,  x 

2.  Leaf,  x  3. 

3..  Cross-section  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

4.  Branchlet  with  partly  opened  cone,  x  I. 

5.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  3. 


—  28  — 


PINACEAE 
Hemlock 

Tsuga  canadensis  (Z,.)    Carr. 

HABIT.— A  large  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  2-4 
feet  in  diameter ;  forming  a  rather  broad,  open,  somewhat  irregu- 
lar-pyramidal crown  of  slender,  horizontal  branches. 

LEAVES. — Spirally  arranged  around  the  branch,  but  appear- 
ing 2-ranked  by  the  twisting  of  their  petioles;  linear,  flat,  rounded 
at  the  apex;  about  y2  inch  long;  dark  yellow-green  and  shining 
above,  hoary  beneath;  short-petioled.  Persistent  about  3  years. 

FLOWERS. — April-May;  monoecious;  the  staminate  axil- 
lary, short-stalked,  light  yellow,  about  fy&  inch  long,  composed  of 
subglobose  clusters  of  stamens;  the  pistillate  terminal,  oblong, 
pale  green,  %  inch  long,  the  scales  short,  pinkish. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  first  season,  gradually  losing  their  seeds 
during  the  winter  and  falling  the  next  spring;  oblong-ovoid, 
acute,  short-stalked,  red-brown  cones,  about  ^  mcn  long!  seeds 
H  inch  long,  with  wings  about  twice  as  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Ovoid,  obtuse,  red-brown,  slightly  pub- 
erulous,  Me  inch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  pale  brown  and  pubescent,  becoming 
glabrous,  gray-brown ;  thick,  red-brown  or  gray  on  the  trunk, 
deeply  divided  into  narrow,  rounded,  scaly  ridges. 

WOOD.— Light,  soft,  weak,  brittle,  coarse-  and  crooked- 
grained,  not  durable,  ill-smelling,  light  red-brown,  with  thin, 
darker  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout  the  state,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  south-eastern  portion;  scarce  on  the  east  side  of  the 
state,  more  common  on  the  west,  becoming  very  abundant  in 
Emmet  County. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  well-drained  uplands  and  slopes  of 
ravines. 

NOTES. — A  favorite  hedge  plant.  Useful  for  ornamental 
planting  in  shady  situations. 

—  29  — 


Arborvitae.    White  Cedar 


1.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  i. 

2.  Tip  of  branchlet,  enlarged. 

3.  Cone-scale  with  seeds,  x  3. 


—  30  — 


PINACEAE 
ArborTitae.    White  Cedar 

Thuja  occidcntalis  L. 

HABIT.— A  tree  40-50  feet  high,  with  a  short,  often  but- 
tressed trunk  1-2  feet  in  diameter,  often  divided  into  2-3  second- 
ary stems ;  forming  a  rather  dense,  wide-based,  pyramidal  crown. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  4-ranked,  scale-like,  appressed;  ovate, 
obtuse  or  pointed,  keeled  in  the  side  pairs,  flat  in  the  others, 
l/i-l/4  inch  long;  yellow-green,  often  becoming  brown  in  winter; 
strongly  aromatic  when  crushed.  Persistent  1-2  years. 

FLOWERS. — April-May ;  usually  monoecious ;  the  staminate 
minute,  globose,  yellow,  composed  of  4-6  stamens  arranged  op- 
positely on  a  short  axis;  the  pistillate  small,  oblong,  reddish, 
composed  of  8-12  scales  arranged  oppositely  on  a  short  axis. 

FRUIT. — Early  autumn  of  first  season,  but  persistent  on  the 
branch  through  the  winter;  erect,  short-stalked,  oblong-ovoid, 
pale  brown  cones,  about  l/2  inch  long,  composed  of  8-12  loose 
scales ;  seeds  ^  inch  long,  ovate,  acute,  winged. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Naked,  minute. 

BARK. — Twigs  yellow-green,  becoming  light  red,  finally 
smooth,  lustrous,  dark  orange-brown ;  thin,  light  red-brown  or;  the 
trunk,  slightly  furrowed  or  deciduous  in  ragged  strips. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  durable, 
fragrant,  pale  yellow-brown,  with  thin,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION,— Throughout  the  Upper  Peninsula,  Lower 
Peninsula  as  far  south  as  Montcalm  County. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  moist  soil  in  low  swamps  and  along 
river-banks. 

NOTES.— Slow  of  growth.  Tolerant  of  all  soils  and  ex- 
posures. Especially  useful  for  hedges  or  narrow  evergreen 
screens. 

—  31  — 


Red  Juniper.    Red  Cedar 


1.  Branchlet  with  awl-shaped  leaves,  x  i. 

2.  Tip  of  branchlet,  showing  awl-shaped  leaves,  enlarged. 

3.  Fruiting  branchlet  with  scale-like  leaves,  x  i. 

4.  Tip  of  branchlet,  showing  scale-like  leaves,  enlarged. 


PINACEAE 
Bed  Juniper.    Bed  Cedar 

Juniperus  virginiana  L. 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  30-40  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  1-2  feet;  forming  an  irregular,  pyramidal  or  rounded 

crown. 

LEAVES.— Opposite,  of  two  kinds:  (i)  sessile,  scale-like, 
closely  appressed,  overlapping,  4-ranked,  ovate,  acute,  ^ie  mcn 
long,  (2)  sessile,  awl-shaped,  loosely  arranged,  Y^-Yz  inch  long. 
Persistent  5-6  years. 

FLOWERS. — May;  usually  dioecious;  minute;  the  staminate 
oblong-ovoid,  composed  of  4-6  shield-like  scales,  each  bearing 
4-5  yellow,  globose  pollen  sacs;  the  pistillate  ovoid,  composed 
of  about  3  pairs  of  fleshy,  bluish  scales,  united  at  the  base  and 
bearing  2  ovules. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  first  or  second  season;  subglobose, 
berry-like  strobile,  about  J4  mcn  in  diameter,  dark  blue  and 
glaucous ;  flesh  sweet  and  resinous ;  seeds  2-3. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Naked,  minute. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish  to  red-brown  and  smooth;  thin, 
light  red-brown  on  the  trunk,  exfoliating  lengthwise  into  long, 
narrow,  persistent  strips,  exposing  the  smooth,  brown  inner  bark. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  close-grained,  brittle,  weak,  durable, 
very  fragrant,  dull  red,  with  thin,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Occurs  sparingly  throughout  the  state; 
most  abundant  in  the  southern  portion. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  loamy  soil  on  sunny  slopes;  dry,  rocky 
hil-ls ;  also  borders  of  lakes  and  streams,  peaty  swamps. 

NOTES.— Slow  of -growth.  Long-lived.  Should  be  trans- 
planted with  ball  of  earth.  Tolerant  of  varied  soils  and  situa- 
tions. 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  SALIX* 

a.  Leaf-petioles  without  glands. 

b.  Leaves  1A-Y$  inch  broad;  petioles  broad  and  flat 

S.   nigra,  p.   37. 

bb.  Leaves  24-i}4  inches  broad;  petioles  slender  and  terete.. 

5".  amygdaloidcs,  p.  39. 

aa.  Leaf-petioles  glandular  above. 

b.  Leaves  /4-//i  i»ch  broad,  sharp-serrate;  tree  with  weeping 

habit S.  babylonica,  p.  43. 

bb.  Leaves  l/2-il/2   inches  broad,  blunt-serrate;  tree  with  up- 
right habit S.  fragilis,  p.  41. 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  SALIX 

The  classification  of  the  Willows  is  a  task  for  the  specialist, 
even  when  leaves  and  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  are 
obtainable.  It  is  impracticable  for  the  novice  to  attempt  the  deter- 
mination of  species  of  Salix  with  winter  characters  alone.  Con- 
sequently the  usual  winter  key  is  omitted. 


*It  is  not  intended  that  this  key  shall  serve  as  a  means  of 
identification  of  any  species  of  Sali.r  found  in  Michigan,  but  it 
is  added  simply  to  give  a  ready  comparison  of  the  four  species 
which  are  described. 

—  34  — 


SALICACEAE 
Willow 

Salix  (Tourn.)  L. 

The  genus  Salix  is  represented  in  Michigan  by  thirty  or  mora 
distinct  species,  and  there  are  many  more  hybrids.  The  majorily 
of  these  are  shrubs,  only  a  few  becoming  truly  arborescent. 
Because  of  the  similarity  of  their  botanical  characters,  the  fre- 
quency with  which  they  hybridize,  and  the  facility  with  which 
they  respond  to  their  environment  only  an  expert  is  competent 
to  identify  the  species  so  abundant  along  our  water  courses  and 
on  the  banks  of  our  lakes  and  swamps.  The  scope  of  this  work 
being  necessarily  limited,  it  has  been  deemed  best  to  describe 
but  two  of  our  native  willows  and  two  of  our  foreign  neighbors 
which  are  frequently  planted. 


-35- 


Black  Willow 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  I. 

4.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  i. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  i. 

7.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  i. 


SALICACEAE 
Black  Willow 

Salix  nigra  Marsh. 

HABIT.— A  tree  30-50  feet  high,  with  a  short  trunk,  1-2 
feet  in  diameter;  stout,  spreading  branches  form  a  broad,  rather 
irregular,  open  crown.  Often  a  shrub. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-6  inches  long,  J4-J4  inch 
broad ;  lanceolate,  very  long-pointed,  often  curved  at  the  tip ; 
finely  serrate ;  thin ;  bright  green  and  rather  lustrous  above,  paler 
and  often  hairy  beneath;  petioles  very  short,  more  or  less 
pubescent.  ^ 

FLOWERS. — April-May,  with  the  leaves;  dioecious;  borne 
in  crowded,  slend«r,  hairy  catkins,  1-3  inches  long;  calyx  o; 
corolla  o;  scales  yellow,  villous,  stamens  .3-6;  ovary  ovoid- 
conical,  short-stalked,  with  stigmas  nearly  sessile. 

FRUIT. — June;  ovoid-conical  capsule,  %  inch  long,  contain- 
ing many  minute  seeds  which  are  furnished  with  long,  silky, 
white  hairs. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  nar- 
row-conical, acute,  lustrous,  red-brown,  %  inch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  glabrous  or  pubescent,  bright  red-brown, 
becoming  darker  with  age;  thick,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black 
on  old  trunks,  deeply  divided  into  broad,  flat  ridges,  often  be- 
coming shaggy. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  light  red-brown, 
with  thin,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION. — Common  throughout  the  state. 
HABITAT.— Banks  of  streams  and  lake-shores. 

NOTES.— Branchlets    very   brittle    at    the   base,    and    these, 
broken  off  by  the  wind,  are  carried  down  stream,  often  catching 
in  the  muddy  banks  and  there  taking  root. 
—  87  — 


Almondleaf  Willow 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Lateral  bud,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/t. 

7.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 
8   Fruiting  branchlet,  x  y2. 

—  38  — 


SALICACEAE 
Almomlleaf  Willow 

Salix  amygdaloides  Anders. 

HABIT. — A  tree  30-40  feet  high,  with  a  straight,  columnar 
trunk  1-2  feet  in  diameter;  straight,  ascending  branches  form  a 
rather  narrow,  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  2-6  inches  long,  34-i}4  inches 
broad ;  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  long-pointed ;  finely  serrate ; 
thin  and  firm ;  light  green  and  shining  above,  pale  and  glaucous 
beneath ;  petioles  slender,  ^-}4  inch  long. 

FLOWERS. — April,  with  the  leaves;  dioecious;  borne  in 
crowded,  slender,  pubescent  catkins  2-3  inches  long;  calyx  o; 
corolla  o;  scales  yellow,  villous  both  sides;  stamens  5-9;  ovary 
oblong-conical,  with  stigmas  nearly  sessile. 

FRUIT. — May;  i-celled,  globose-conical  capsule,  J4  inch 
long,  containing  many  minute  seeds  which  are  furnished  with 
long,  silky,  white  hairs. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds 
broadly  ovoid,  gibbous,  lustrous,  dark  brown,  %  inch  long. 

BARK.— Twigs  glabrous,  lustrous,  dark  orange  or  red- 
brown  becoming  darker  orange-brown ;  thick  and  brown  on  old 
trunks,  irregularly  fissured  into  flat,  connected  ridges. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with 
thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  throughout  the  state. 
HABITAT. — Banks  of  streams. 

NOTES. — Hybridizes  freely  with  other  willows,  making  its 
identification  difficult. 


—  39  — 


Crack  Willow.    Brittle  Willow 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x 

7.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  y*. 

—  40  — 


SALICACEAE 
Crack  Willow.    Brittle  Willow 

Sali.v  fragilis  L. 

HABIT.— A  tree  50-60  feet  high,  with  a  short,  stout  trunk 
3-4  feet  in  diameter;  stout,  spreading  branches  form  a  broad, 
open  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-6  inches  long,  ^2-1 /^  inches 
broad ;  lanceolate,  long-pointed ;  finely  glandular-serrate ;  thin 
and  firm;  lustrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  glabrous 
both  sides;  petioles  short,  stout,  with  2  glands  at  the  junction 
of  blade  and  petiole. 

FLOWERS.— April-May,  with  the  leaves;  dioecious;  borne 
in  slender,  pubescent  catkins  1-3  inches  long;  calyx  o;  corolla  o; 
scales  blunt,  somewhat  pubescent;  stamens  usually  2;  ovary 
abortive,  with  stigmas  nearly  sessile.  Staminate  trees  rare. 

FRUIT. — April-May;  i-celled,  long-conical,  short-stalked 
capsule,  about  l/^  inch  long,  containing  many  minute  seeds  which 
are  furnished  with  long,  silky,  white  hairs. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  long- 
conical,  pointed,  glabrous,  bright  red-brown,  about  Y^  inch  long. 

BARK.— Twigs  pubescent,  yellow-green,  often  reddish,  be- 
coming glabrous,  lustrous,  brown ;  thick,  gray  on  the  trunk, 
smooth  in  young  trees,  very  rough,  irregularly  scaly-ridged  in 
old  trees. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  tough,  close-grained,  red-brown,  with 
thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

NOTES. — A  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  where  it  is  a  valu- 
able timber  tree.  Hardy  throughout  the  state  and  of  very  rapid 
growth.  Thrives  in  rich,  damp  soil.  Easily  grown  from  cuttings. 
•The  twigs  are  very  brittle  at  the  base  and  are  easily  broken  by 
the  wind,  hence  the  name  Brittle  Willow. 

—  41  — 


Weeping  Willow.    Napoleon's  Willow 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  l/2. 


—  42  — 


SALICACEAE 

Willow.    Napoleon's  Willow 

Salix  babylonica  L. 


HABIT.  —  A  tree  40-50  feet  high,  with  a  short,  stout  trunk 
3-4  feet  in  diameter;  the  long,  slender  branchlets,  often  many 
feet  in  length,  droop  in  graceful  festoons,  giving  to  the  tree  a 
weeping  habit. 

LEAVES.  —  Alternate,  simple,  3-7  inches  long,  Y^}/*  inch 
broad;  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  long-pointed;  finely  sharp- 
serrate  ;  thin  and  firm  ;  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath  ; 
petioles  J^  inch  or  less  in  length,  glandular  above,  often  hairy. 

FLOWERS.  —  April-  May,  with  the  leaves  ;  dioecious  ;  borne 
in  slender,  nearly  glabrous  catkins  1-2  inches  long;  calyx  o; 
corolla  o;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  slightly  hairy;  ovary  ovoid- 
conical,  very  short-stalked,  with  stigmas  longer  than  the  style. 
Staminate  trees  apparently  do  not  occur  in  the  United  States. 

FRUIT.  —  May-June;  i-celled,  narrow-ovoid,  sessile  capsule, 
about  %»j  inch  long,  containing  many  minute  seeds  which  are 
furnished  with  long,  silky,  white  hairs. 

WINTER-BUDS.—  Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  nar- 
row-conical, sharp-pointed,  somewhat  flattened,  brownish,  J^-J4 
inch  long. 

BARK.  —  Twigs  glabrous,  olive-green  ;  thick  and  gray  on 
old  trunks,  rather  smooth,  or  irregularly  fissured  into  shallow, 
firm  ridges. 

WOOD.  —  Light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with 
thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

NOTES.  —  A  native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  Often  grown  in 
cemeteries.  Easily  propagated  by  cuttings.  Rapid  of  growth  in 
rich,  damp  soil.  Sometimes  winter-killed  because  the  wood  is 
not  ripened.  , 

—  43  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  POPULUS 

a.  Leaf-petioles  essentially  terete. 

b.  Petioles  and  lower  sides  of  leaves  pubescent;  leaves  heart- 
shaped P.  candicans,  p.  55. 

bb.  Petioles  and  lower  sides  of  leaves  glabrous ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate P.   balsamifcra,  p.   53. 

aa.  Leaf-petioles  strongly  flattened. 

b.  Petioles    and    lower    sides    of    leaves    tomentose;    twigs 

pubescent P.  alba.  p.  47. 

bb.  Petioles  and  lower  sides  of  leaves  glabrous ;  twigs  glab- 
rous, 
c.  Leaves  distinctly  deltoid  in  shape. 

d.  Leaves  broader  than  they  are  long,  abruptly  acuminate 
at  the  apex ;  marginal  teeth  not  conspicuously  in- 
curved ;  branches  erect  and  more  or  less  appressed  to 
the  main  stem,  forming  a  narrow,  spire-like  crown. . 
P.  nigra  italica,  p.  59. 

dd.  Leaves  longer  than  they  are  broad,  more  or  less  taper- 
pointed  at  the  apex ;  marginal  teeth  rather  conspicu- 
ously incurved ;  branches  spreading,  forming  a  broad 
crown P.  dclt aides,  p.  57. 

cc.  Leaves  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular  in  shape. 

d.  Margin  of  leaves  coarsely  sinuate-toothed;  leaves  3-', 

inches  long P.  grandidentata,  p.  51. 

dd.  Margin  of  leaves  finely  serrate;   leaves  less  than  3 

inches  long P.  tremuloides,  p.  49. 

—  44  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  POPULUS 

a.  Branches  erect,  more  or  less  appressed  to  the  main  stem, 
forming  a  narrow,  spire-like  crown.  ..P.  nigra  italica,  p.  59. 
aa.  Branches  spreading,  forming  a  broad  crown, 
b.  Terminal  buds  %-^A  incn  long,  not  resinous. 

c.  Buds  and  twigs  more  or  less  conspicuously  white-downy ; 

twigs  green P.  alba,  p.  47. 

'    cc.  Buds  and  twigs  not  conspicuously  white-downy;  twigs 
usually  red-brown. 

d.  Terminal  buds  about  %  inch  long,  puberulous,  dusty- 
looking;  lateral  buds  widely  divergent;  twigs  rather 

coarse P.   grandidentata,   p.    51. 

dd.  Terminal  buds  about  J4  mcn  l°ng>  glabrous,  lustrous ; 
lateral    buds    more    or    less    appressed;    twigs    rather 

slender P.  tremuloides,  p.  49. 

bb.  Terminal  buds  l/2-i  inch  long,  sticky-resinous. 

c.  Terminal  buds  about  l/2  inch  long;  buds  not  fragrant; 

twigs  usually  yellow,  more  or  less  strongly  angled 

P.  deltoidcs,  p.  57. 

cc.  Terminal  buds  nearly  i  inch  long;  buds  fragrant;  twigs 

usually  red-brown  and  seldom  strongly  angled 

P.  balsamifera*  p.   53. 

P.  candicans*  p.  55. 


*It  is  difficult  to  distinguish  between  these  species  in  the 
absence  of  summer  characters.  If  leaves  can  be  found  on  or 
beneath  a  tree  which  is  sufficiently  segregated  from  similar  trees 
as  to  avoid  any  chance  for  error,  the  summer  key  on  the.  opposite 
page  may  be  used. 

—  45  — 


White  Poplar 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  2. 

4.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  Y*. 

7.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruit,  x  Yt. 

—  46  — 


SALICACEAE 
White  Poplar 

Populus  alba  L. 


HABIT.— A  large  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  2-4  feet,  forming  a  large,  spreading,  rounded  or  irregular 
crown  of  large;  crooked  branches  and  sparse,  stout  branchlets. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  2-4  inches  long  and  almost  as 
broad ;  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular ;  irregularly  toothed,  sinuate, 
or  sometimes  3-5-lobed ;  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  white- 
tomentose  to  glabrous  beneath ;  petioles  long,  slender,  flattened* 
tomentose. 

FLOWERS.— April-May,  before  the  leaves;  dioecious;  the 
staminate  catkins  thick,  cylindrical,  2-4  inches  long;  the  pistillate 
catkins  slender,  1-2  inches  long;  calyx  o;  corolla  o;  stamens  6-16, 
with  purple  anthers;  stigmas  2,  branched,  yellow. 

FRUIT.— May- June;  ovoid,  2-valved  capsules,  */i-%  inch 
long,  borne  in  drooping  catkins  2-4  inches  long;  seeds  light 
brown,  surrounded  by  long,  white  hairs. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Ovoid,  pointed,  not  viscid,  downy,  about 
YI,  inch  long. 

BARK.— Twigs  greenish,  covered  with  a  white  down,  be- 
coming greenish  gray  and  marked  with  darker  blotches;  dark 
gray  and  fissured  at  the  base  of  old  trunks. 

WOOD.— Light,  soft,  weak,  difficult  to  split,  reddish  yellow, 
with  thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

NOTES. — A  native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  Hardy  in  Mich- 
igan. Grows  rapidly  in  good  soils ;  thrives  in  poor  soils  and 
exposed  situations.  Roots  deep,  producing  numerous  suckers  for 
a  considerable  distance  from  the  tree. 

—  47  — 


Aspen 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  i. 

3-  Staminate  flowering  branchlet;  x  J£ 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5-  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  V2. 


SALICACEAE 
Aspen 

Populus  tremuloides  Michx. 

HABIT.— A  small,  slender  tree  generally  35-45  feet  high, 
with  a  trunk  "diameter  of  8-15  inches;  forming  a  loose,  rounded 
crown  of  slender  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  i^-j-2^  inches  long  and  broad; 
broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular ;  finely  serrate;  thin  and  firm; 
lustrous,  dark  green  above,  dull  and  pale  beneath ;  petioles  slender, 
laterally  compressed.  Tremulous  with  the  slightest  breeze. 

FLOWERS.— April,  before  the  leaves;  dioecious;  the  stam- 
inate  catkins  1^2-3  inches  long,  the  pistillate  at  first  about  the 
same  length,  gradually  elongating;  calyx  o;  corolla  o;  stamens 
6-12;  stigmas  2,  2-lobed,  red. 

FRUIT. — May-June ;  2-valved,  oblong-cylindrical,  short- 
pedicelled  capsules  %  inch  long;  seeds  light  brown,  white-hairy. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  about  #  inch  long,  nar- 
row-conical, acute,  red-brown,  lustrous ;  lateral  buds  often 
appressed.. 

BARK. — Twigs  very  lustrous,  red-brown,  becoming  grayish 
and  roughened  by  the  elevated  leaf-scars ;  thin,  yellowish  or 
greenish  and  smooth  on  the  trunk,  often  roughened  with  darker, 
horizontal  bands  or  wart-like  excrescences,  becoming  thick  and 
fissured,  almost  black  at  the  base  of  old  trunks. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  not  durable,  light 
brown,  with  thin,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  throughout  the  state,  but  most 
abundant  in  the  Upper  Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  moist,  sandy  soil  and  gravelly  hill- 
sides. 

NOTES. — One  of  the  first  trees  to  cover  burned-over  lands. 
Grows  rapidly.  Usually  short-lived.  Propagated  from  seed  or 
cuttings. 

—  49  — 


Largetooth  Aspen 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  i. 

3.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  ]/2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  J^. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  ]/2. 

—  50  — 


SAUCACEAE 
Largctooth  Aspen 

Populus  grandidentata  Michx. 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  30-50  feet  high,  with  a  slen- 
der trunk  12-20  inches  in  diameter ;  forming  a  loose,  oval  or 
rounded  crown  of  slender,  spreading  branches  and  coarse  spray. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-5  inches  long,  two-thirds  as 
broad ;  orbicular-ovate ;  coarsely  and  irregularly  sinuate-toothed ; 
thin  and  firm;  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  glabrous  both 
sides;  petioles  long,  slender,  laterally  compressed. 

FLOWERS.— April,  before  the  leaves;  dioecious;  the  stam- 
inate  in  short-stalked  catkins  1-3  inches  long;  the  pistillate  in 
loose-flowered,  long-stalked  catkins  at  first  about  the  same  length, 
but  gradually  elongating;  calyx  o;  corolla  o;  stamens  6-12,  with 
red  anthers;  stigmas  2,  2-lobed,  red. 

FRUIT.— May;  2-valved,  conical,  acute,  hairy  capsules  1A 
inch  long,  borne  in  drooping  catkins  4-6  inches  long;  seeds 
minute,  dark  brown,  hairy. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  */$  inch  long,  ovoid  to 
conical,  acute,  light  chestnut,  puberulous,  dusty-looking. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish  gray  and  at  first  hoary-tomentose, 
becoming  lustrous,  orange  or  red-brown  and  finally  greenish 
gray ;  thick,  dark  red-brown  or  blackish  at  the  base  of  old  trunks, 
irregularly  fissured,  with  broad,  flat  ridges. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  light  brown, 
with  thin,  whitish  sap  wood. 

DISTRIBUTION. — A  common  tree  in  the  northern  portions 
of  the  Lower  Peninsula,  but  rare  in  the  Upper  Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  rich,  moist,  sandy  soil;  borders  of 
swamps;  river-banks;  hillsides. 

NOTES. — Grows  rapidly  in  many  soils.  Easily  transplanted-. 
Short-lived.  Useful  for  temporary  effect.  Propagated  from  seed 
or  cuttings. 

—  51  — 


Balm  of  Gilead.    Balsam 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  34. 

3-  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

4-  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Catkin  of  pistillate  flower,  x  */2. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  y2. 

—  52  — 


SALICACEAE 
Balm  of  Gilead.    Balsam 

Populus  balsamifera  L. 

HABIT.— A  tree  60-75  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of 
1-3  feet;  forming  a  rather  narrow,  open,  pyramidal  crown  of 
few,  slender,  horizontal  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-6  inches  long,  about  one- 
half  as  broad;  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate;  finely  crenate-serrate ; 
thin  and  firm;  lustrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath;  petioles 
\l/2  inches  long,  slender,  terete,  smooth. 

FLOWERS. — April,  before  the  leaves;  dioecious;  the  stam- 
inate  in  long-stalked  catkins  3-4  inches  long;  the  pistillate  in 
loose-flowered,  long-stalked  catkins  4-5  inches  long;  calyx  o; 
corolla  o;  stamens  20-30,  with  bright  red  anthers;  ovary  short- 
stalked;  stigmas  2,  wavy-margined. 

FRUIT. — May-June ;  2-valved,  ovoid,  short-pedicelled  cap- 
sules l/^  inch  long,  borne  in  drooping  catkins  4-6  inches  long; 
seeds  light  brown,  hairy. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  about  I  inch  long,  ovoid, 
long-pointed,  brownish,  resin-coated,  sticky,  fragrant. 

BARK. — Twigs  red-brown,  becoming  dark  orange,  finally 
green-gray;  thick,  grayish  on  old  trunks,  and  shallowly  fissured 
into  broad,  rounded  ridges,  often  roughened  by  dark  excrescences. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  light  red-brown, 
with  thick,  nearly  white  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Occurs  throughout  the  entire  state,  but 
is  more  abundant  and  of  greater  size  in  the  northern  portions. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  river  bottom-lands  and  borders  of 
swamps. 

NOTES.— Rapid  in  growth.  Spreads  from  the  roots.  Most 
useful  for  shelter-belts.  Easily  transplanted.  Propagated  from 
cuttings. 

—  53  — 


Hairy  Balm  of  Gilead.    Balsam 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  Y2. 

3.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  y2. 

—  54  — 


SALICACEAE 
Hairy  Balm  of  Oilead.    Balsam 

Populns  candicans  Ait.     [Populus  balsamifcra  candicans 
(Ait.}  Gray} 

HABIT. — A  tree  50-70  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of 
1-3  feet;  more  spreading  branches  than  in  P.  balsamifcra,  forming 
a  broader  and  more  open  crown. 

LEAVES.— Resemble  those  of  P.  balsamifcra,  but  more 
broadly  heart-shaped  and  more  coarsely  serrate;  more  or  less 
pubescent  when  young;  petioles  pubescent. 

FLOWERS.— Similar  to  those  of  P.  balsamifcra. 
FRUIT.— Similar  to  that  of  P.  balsamifera. 

WINTER-BUDS. — Terminal  bud  about  I  inch  long,  ovoid, 
long-pointed,  dark  red-brown,  resinous  throughout,  viscid,  very 
aromatic. 

BARK.—  Twigs  reddish  or  olive-green,  with  occasional  longi- 
tudinal gray  lines,  covered  with  a  fragrant,  gummy  secretion, 
becoming  gray-green ;  dark  gray,  rough,  irregularly  striate  and 
firm  on  old  trunks. 

WOOD. — Resembles  that  of  P.  balsamifcra,  but  is  somewhat 
heavier. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Indigenous  to  the  northern  portions  of 
the  state,  but  often  cultivated  -and  occasionally  escaping  in  the 
southern  portion. 

HABITAT.— In  a  great  variety  of  soils  and  situations. 

NOTES. — Grows  rapidly  in  all  soils  and  situations.  Suckers" 
readily  from  the  roots.  Propagated  from  cuttings. 

—  55  — 


Cottonwootl 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  H- 

3.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  catkin,  x  l/2. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  l/2. 

—  56  — 


SALICACEAE 
Cottonwood 

Populus  deltoides  Marsh;     [Populus  monilifera  Ait.] 

HABIT. — A  stately  tree  attaining  a  height  of  70-90  feet  and 
a  trunk  diameter  of  3-5  feet;  forming  a  spreading,  open,  sym- 
metrical crown  of  massive,  horizontal  branches  and  stout,  more 
or  less  angled  branchlets. 

LEAVES.— Alternate,  simple,  3-6  inches  long,  nearly  as 
broad ;  broadly  deltoid-ovate ;  coarsely  crenate-serrate  above  the 
entire  base;  thick  and  firm;  lustrous,  dark  green  above,  paler 
beneath ;  petioles  2-3  inches  long,  slender,  compressed  laterally. 

FLOWERS.— April-May,  before  the  leaves;  dioecious;  the 
staminate  in  short-stalked,  densely-flowered  catkins  3-4  inches 
long;  the  pistillate  in  short-stalked,  few-flowered  catkins  elongat- 
ing to  6-8  inches;  calyx  o;  corolla  o;  stamens  very  numerous, 
with  red  anthers;  stigmas  3-4,  spreading. 

FRUIT. — May;  2-4-valved,  short-stalked  capsules,  borne  in 
drooping  catkins  5-10  inches  long;  seeds  light  brown,  densely 
cottony. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  */2  inch  long,  conical,  acute, 
very  resinous,  shining,  brownish. 

BARK.— Twigs  and  young  stems  smooth,  yellow-green;  old 
trunks  ashy  gray,  deeply  divided  into  straight  furrows  with 
broad,  rounded  ridges. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  dark  brown,  with 
thick,  whitish  sapwood ;  warps  badly  and  is  difficult  to  season, 

DISTRIBUTION.— Entire  Michigan;  rare  in  the  northern 
portions. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  rich,  moist  soil;  river-banks;  river- 
bottoms  ;  lake-shores ;  grows  well  in  drier  situations. 

NOTES. — Rapid  of  growth,  consequently  an  excellent  tree 
for  immediate  effect.     Propagated  from  cuttings. 
—  57  — 


Lomlmrdy  Poplar 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  &. 

4.  Staminate  flowering  branclilet,  x 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 


—  58  — 


SALICACEAE 
Lombardy  Poplar 

Populus  nigra  italica  DuRoi   [Populus  fastigiata  Desf.] 
[Populus  dilatata  Ait.] 

HABIT.— A  tree  75-100  feet  high,  with  a  short,  ridged  and 
buttressed  trunk  4-6  feet  in  diameter  and  a  narrow,  spire-like 
crown  of  erect  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  2-4  inches  long,  and  usually 
somewhat  broader  than  long ;  broad-deltoid,  abruptly  acuminate ; 
finely  but  bluntly  crenate-serrate;  thick  and  firm;  dark  green  and 
shining  above,  lighter  and  more  or  less  lustrous  beneath ;  petioles 
slender,  laterally  compressed,  1-2  inches  long. 

FLOWERS. — April- May,  before  the  leaves;  dioecious;  the 
staminate  in  sessile,  dark  red,  cylindrical  catkins  about  3  inches 
long;  the  pistillate  not  present  in  the  United  States;  calyx  o; 
corolla  o;  stamens  about  8,  with  white  filaments  and  purple 
anthers. 

FRUIT.— Not  formed  in  the  United  States  in  the  absence  of 
pistillate  flowers. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  conical,  slightly  angled, 
taper-pointed,  glutinous,  about  f£  inch  long;  lateral  buds  smaller, 
appressed. 

BARK. — Twigs  glabrous,  shining  yellow,  becoming  gray; 
thick  and  gray-brown  on  old  trunks,  deeply  and  irregularly  fur- 
rowed. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  easily  worked,  not  liable  to  splinter, 
weak,  not  durable,  light  red-brown,  with  thick,  nearly  white  sap- 
wood. 

NOTES.— Thought  to  be  a  native  of  Afghanistan.  Very 
rapid  in  growth..  Short-lived.  Spreads  by  means  of  suckers  and 
fallen  branches.  Useful  for  ornamental  purposes.  Because  of 
crowding  the  limbs  die  early,  which  remain  and  cause  the  tree  to 
look  unsightly. 

—  59  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  JUGLANS 

a.  Leaflets  11-17,  the  terminal  usually  present;  pith  of  twigs 
chocolate-brown ;  bark  of  trunk  rather  smooth,  or  fissured, 
with  broad,  flat,  whitish  ridges ;  fruit  elongated,  sticky- 
downy J.  cincrca,  p.  63. 

aa.  Leaflets  13-23,  the  terminal  often  lacking;  pith  of  twigs 
cream  colored;  bark  of  trunk  rough,  brownish  or  blackish, 
deeply  furrowed  by  broad,  rounded  ridges ;  fruit  globose,  not 
sticky-downy J.  nigra,  p.  65. 


—  60  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  JUGLANS 

a.  Pith  chocolate-brown;  leaf-scar  with  downy  pad  above;  fruit 
elongated,  sticky-downy;  terminal  bud  Yz-^4  inch  long;  bark 
rather  smooth,  or  fissured,  with  broad,  flat,  whitish  ridges. . 
J.  cinerea,  p.  63. 

aa.  Pith  cream  colored ;  leaf-scar  without  downy  pad  above ; 
fruit  globose,  not  sticky-downy;  terminal  bud  */3  inch  long; 
bark  rough,  brownish  or  blackish,  deeply  furrowed  by  broad, 
rounded  ridges /.  nigra,  p.  65. 


.—  61  — 


Butternut 


r.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  \Q. 

3.  Leaflet,  x  l/2. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 
7-  Fruit,  x  y2. 

—  62--- 


JUGLANDACEAE 
Butternut 

Juglans  cinerea  L. 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  40-60  feet  high,  with  a  short 
trunk  2-3  feet  in  diameter;  forming  a  wide-spreading  crown  of 
large,  horizontal  branches  and  stout,  stiff  branchlets. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  compound,  15-30  inches  long.  Leaflets 
11-17,  2-4  inches  long  and  one-half  as  broad;  sessile,  except  the 
terminal;  oblong-lanceolate;  finely  serrate;  thin;  yellow-green 
and  rugose  above,  pale  and  soft-pubescent  beneath.  Petioles 
stout,  hairy. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stamin- 
ate  in  cylindrical,  greenish,  drooping  catkins  3-5  inches  long ; 
calyx  6-lobed,  borne  on  a  hairy  bract;  corolla  o;  stamens  8-12, 
with  brown  anthers;  the  pistillate  solitary  or  several  on  a  com- 
mon pe-duncle,  about  l/z  inch  long,  their  bracts  and  bractlets 
sticky-hairy ;  calyx  4-lobed,  hairy ;  corolla  o ;  styles  2 ;  stigmas  2, 
fringed,  spreading,  bright  red. 

FRUIT.— October ;  about  2^/2.  inches  long,  cylindrical,  pointed, 
greenish,  sticky-downy,  solitary  or  borne  in  drooping  clusters  of 
3-5;  nuts  with  rough  shells,  inclosing  a  sweet,  but  oily  kernel; 
edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  J^-54  inch  long,  oblong- 
conical,  obliquely  blunt,  somewhat  flattened,  brownish,  pubescent. 

BARK. — Twigs  orange-brown  or  bright  green,  rusty-pube- 
scent, becoming  smooth  and  light  gray;  gray  and  smoothish  on 
young  trunks,  becoming  b/own  on  old  trunks,  narrow-ridged,  with 
wide  furrow's. 

W'OOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  light  brown,  with 
thin,  lighter  colored  sapwo'od. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Of  common  occurrence  in  the  southern 
half  of  the  Lower  Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  low,  rich  woods ;  river-banks ;  low  hill- 
sides. 

NOTES— Leaves  appear  late  and  fall  early.    Pith  chambered,^ 
chocolate-brown.    Large  trees  usually  unsound.    Not  easily  trans- 
planted, 

—  63  — 


Black  Walnut 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  }e- 

3.  Leaflet,  x  J4. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  Starninate  flower,  back  view,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  y2. 

—  64  — 


JUGLANDACEAE 
Black  Walnut 

fuglans  nigra  L. 

HABIT.— A  large  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  massive  trunk 
2-5  feet  in  diameter;  forming  an  open,  capacious  crown  of  heavy 
branches  and  coarse  branchlets. 

LEAVES!— Alternate,  compound,  1-2  feet  long.  Leaflets 
13-2.3,  the  terminal  often  lacking,  2-4  inches  long  and  one-half 
as  broad ;  sessile ;  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed ;  sharp-serrate ; 
thin ;  yellow-green  and  glabrous  above,  lighter  and  soft-pubescent 
beneath.  Petioles  stout,  pubescent.  Foliage  aromatic  when 
bruised. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stam- 
inate  in  cylindrical,  greenish,  drooping  catkins  3-5  inches  long; 
calyx  6-lobed,  borne  on  a  hairy  bract;  corolla  o;  stamens  numer- 
ous, with  purple  anthers;  the  pistillate  solitary  or  several  on  a 
common  peduncle,  about  %  inch  long,  their  bracts  and  bractlets 
hairy;  calyx  4-lobed,  pubescent;  corolla  o;  styles  and  stigmas  2.* 

FRUIT.— October ;  globose,  il/2-2  inches  in  diameter,  smooth, 
not  viscid;  solitary  or  borne  in  clusters  of  2-3;  nuts  with  irregu- 
larly furrowed  shell,  inclosing  a  sweet,  edible  kernel. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  Y3  inch  long,  ovoid, 
obliquely  blunt,  slightly  flattened,  silky-tomentose. 

BARK.— Twigs  brownish  and  hairy,  becoming  darker  and 
smooth ;  thick,  brownish  or  blackish  on  the  trunk  and  deeply 
furrowed  by  broad,  rounded  ridges. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thin,  lighter  colored 
sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Lower  Peninsula  as  far  north  as  Bay 
City,  but  more  abundant  in  the  southern  portion  of  its  range. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  rich  bottom-lands  and  fertile  hillsides. 

NOTES.— Leaves  appear  late  and  fall  early.  Fruit  very 
aromatic.  Pith  chambered,  cream  colored.  The  juices  from  the 
husk  stain  the  hands  brown.  Not  easily  transplanted.  Often 
infested  with  caterpillars. 

—  65  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  CARYA 

a.  Bark  of  trunk  essentially  smooth,  not  deeply  furrowed  nor 
shaggy;  husk  of  fruit  less  than  %  inch  thick. 
b.  Leaflets  usually  5-7,  glabrous  beneath;  buds  dome-shaped, 
greenish;  kernel  of  nut  sweet. 

c.  Twigs  long-hairy;  fruit  less  than  I  inch  long 

C.  microcorpa,  p.  75. 

cc.  Twigs  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  fruit  1^-2  inches  long.  ..  . 

C.  glabra,  p.  77. 

bb.  Leaflets  usually  7-n,  moje  or  less  downy  beneath;  buds 

elongated,  bright  yellow ;  kernel  of  nut  bitter 

C.   cordiformis,  p.  79. 

aa.  Bark  of  trunk  deeply  furrowed   or   shaggy;    husk  of  fruit 
more  than  %  inch  thick. 

b.  Twigs  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaflets  5-7,  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath, 
c.  Twigs  brownish;  buds  densely  hairy;  fruit  1^2-2  inches 

long C.  alba,  p.  73. 

cc.  Twigs   orange;   buds   merely  puberulous;    fruit    i-)4-2j/i 

inches  long;  (leaflets  usually  7) C.  laciniosa,  p.  71. 

bb.  Twigs  tending  to  be  glabrous;  leaflets  usually  5,  glabrous 
beneath C.  ovata,  p.  69. 

—  66  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  CARYA 

a.  Bark  of  trunk  essentially  smooth,  not  deeply  furrowed  nor 
shaggy;  husk  of  fruit  less  than  J/g  inch  thick, 
b.  Terminal  bud  narrow,  long-pointed,  flattish,  bright  yellow ; 

kernel  of  nut  bitter C.  cordiformis,  p.  79. 

bb.  Terminal    bud    broad,    dome-shaped,    not    bright    yellow; 
kernel  of  nut  sweet, 
c.  Buds  greenish;  twigs  glabrous;  fruit  il/2-2  inches  long 

C.   glabra,  p.  7~. 

cc.  Buds  red-brown;  twigs  long-hairy;  fruit  less  than  I  inch 

long C.  microcarpa,  p.  75. 

aa.  Bark  of  trunk  deeply   furrowed  or  shaggy;   husk  of  fruit 
more  than  %  inch  thick. 

b.  Twigs  more  or  less  pubescent;  buds  more  or  less  pube- 
scent. 

c.  Buds   V^A  .inch   long,   densely  hairy;   outer  bud-scales 
deciduous  in  autumn;  twigs  brownish;  fruit  1^-2  inches 

long C.  alba,  p.  73. 

cc.  Buds  about  I  inch  long,  merely  puberulous ;  outer  bud- 
scales    persistent    until    spring;    twigs    orange    colored: 

fruit  i^/4-2l/2  inches  long C.  laciniosa,  p.  71. 

bb.  Twigs  tending  to  be  glabrous ;  buds  glabrous  or  nearly  so  - 
C.  ovata,  p.  69. 

—  67  — 


Shagbark  Hickory.     Shellbark  Hickory 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  X. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  l/2. 

—  68  — 


JUGLANDACEAE 
Shagbark  Hickory.    Shellbark  Hickory 

Carya  orata  (Mill.)  K.  Koch  [Hicoria  ovata  (Mill.)  Britt.] 
[Gary a  alba  Nutt.] 

HABIT. — A  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  slender,  columnar 
trunk  1-2  feet  in  diameter;  forming  a  narrow,  somewhat  open 
crown  of  stout,  slightly  spreading  limbs  and  stout  branchlets. 

LF^AVES. — Alternate,  compound,  8-14  inches  long.  Leaflets 
usually  5,  the  upper  5-7  inches  long  and  2-3  inches  broad ;  sessile, 
except  the  terminal ;  obovate  to  oblong-lanceolate ;  finely  serrate ; 
thick  and  firm;  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath  and 
glabrous  or  puberulous.  Petioles  stout,  smooth  or  hairy.  Foliage 
fragrant  when  crushed. 

FLOWERS. — May,  after  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stam- 
inate  hairy,  greenish,  in  pendulous,  ternate  catkins  4-5  inches 
long,  on  a  common  peduncle  about  I  inch  long;  scales  3-parted, 
bristle-tipped;  stamens  4,  with  bearded,  yellow  anthers;  the 
pistillate  in  2-5-flowered  spikes,  ^3  inch  long,  brown-tomentose ; 
calyx  4-lobed,  hairy;  corolla  o;  stigmas  2,  large,  fringed. 

FRUIT.— October ;  globular,  1-2  inches  long,  with  thick 
husk  separating  completely;  nut  usually  4-ridged,  with  thick 
shell  and  large,  sweet,  edible  kernel. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  '/2-H  inch  long,  broadly 
ovoid,  obtuse,  dark  brown,  pale-tomentose  or  nearly  glabrous. 

BARK. — Twigs  brownish,  more  or  less  downy,  becoming 
smooth  and  grayish ;  thick  and  grayish  on  old  trunks,  separating 
into  thick  strips  1-3  feet  long,  free  at  one  or  both  ends,  giving  n 
characteristic  shaggy  appearance. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  tough,  close-grained, 
elastic,  light  brown,  with  thin,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION. — Common  in  the  Lower  Peninsula  as  far 
north  as  Roscommon  County. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  light,  well-drained,  loamy  soil ;  low 
hillsides  ;  river-banks. 

NOTES. — Hardy  throughout  its  range.  Moderately  rapid  in 
growth.  Difficult  to  transplant. 


Shellbark  Hickory.    King  Nut 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  l/2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  #. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  J4. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  J/2. 

—  70  — 


JUGLANDACEAE 
Shellbark  Hickory.    King  Nut 

Carya  laciniosa   (Mich.v.  /.)  Loud.    [Hicoria  laciniosa 
(Michx.  f.]  Sarg.]     [Carya  sulcata  Nutt.} 

HABIT.— A  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  tall,  slender  trunk 
2-3  feet  in  diameter;  forming  a  narrow,  oblong  crown  of  small, 
spreading  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  compound,  1-2  feet  long.  Leaflets 
usually  7,  the  upper  5-9  inches  long,  3-5  inches  broad,  larger  than 
the  lowest  pair ;  sessile  or  short-stalked ;  oblong-lanceolate  to 
obovate,  taper-pointed;  finely  serrate;  thick  arid  firm;  lustrous, 
dark  green  above,  paler  and  soft-pubescent  beneath.  Petioles 
stout,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  often  persistent  on  the  branches 
during  the  winter.  Foliage  fragrant  when  crushed. 

FLOWERS. — May,  after  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stam- 
inate  in  pendulous,  ternate  catkins  5-8  inches  long,  slender, 
yellow-green,  on  common  peduncles  I  inch  long;  scales  3-lobed, 
tomentose;  stamens  4,  with  yellow,  hairy  anthers;  the  pistillate 
in  crowded,  2-5-fiowered  spikes,  tomentose;  calyx  3-toothed, 
hairy;  corolla  o;  stigmas  2,  light  green. 

FRUIT.  —  October;  oblong  to  subglobose,  1^/4-2^/2  inches 
long,  with  very  thick,  woody  husk,  splitting  to  the  base ;  nut  4-6- 
ridged,  with  thick,  hard  shell  and  large,  sweet  kernel. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  about  i  inch  long,  ovoid, 
obtuse,  dark  brown,  puberulous. 

BARK. — Twigs  orange  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  becoming 
darker  in  the  first  winter,  and  finally  grayish;  on  the  trunk  1-2 
inches  thick,  light  gray,  separating  into  broad,  thick  plates  3-4 
feet  long,  persistent  on  the  trunk  for  many  years. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained, 
very  elastic,  dark  brown,  with  thin,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Occurs  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
Lower  Peninsula,  but  is  rather  a  rare  tree. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  deep,  rich  bottom-lands. 

NOTES. — Rapid    in    growth.      May    be    distinguished    from 
other  hickories  by  orange  colored  branchlets. 
—  71  — 


Mocker  Nut  Hickory 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y3. 

3.  Flowefing  branchlet,  x  J^. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  y2. 

—  72  — 


JUGLANDACEAE 

Mocker  BTnt  Hickory 

Carya  alba  (/_.)  K.  Koch  [Hicoria  alba  (Z,.)  Britt.] 
[Carya  tomentosa  Nutt.] 

HABIT.— A  tree  50-70  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  i-2*/2  feet;  forming  a  wide  crown  of  strong,  upright  branches 
and  stout  branchlets. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  compound,  8-12  inches  long.  Leaflets 
usually  5-7,  sometimes  9,  the  upper  5-8  inches  long,  3-4  inches 
broad ;  sessile,  except  the  terminal ;  oblong-  to  obovate-lanceo- 
late;  minutely  or  sometimes  coarsely  serrate;  thick  and  firm; 
lustrous,  dark  yellow-green  above,  paler  and  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath.  Petioles  pubescent.  Foliage  fragrant  when 
crushed. 

FLOWERS. — May,  after  the  leaves ;  monoecious ;  the  stam- 
inate  in  pendulous,  ternate  catkins  4-5  inches  long,  slender, 
green,  hairy ;  scales  3-lobed,  hairy ;  stamens  4-5,  with  red  anthers ; 
the  pistillate  in  crowded,  2-s-flowered,  tomentose  spikes ;  calyx 
toothed,  hairy;  corolla  o;  stigmas  2,  hairy. 

FRUIT. — October;  globose  to  globose-oblong,  1^2-2  inches 
long,  with  thick  husk  splitting  nearly  to  the  base;  nut  4-ridged, 
red-brown,  with  very  thick,  hard  shell  and  small,  sweet  kernel. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud"  y2-H  inch  long,  broadly 
ovoid,  red-brown,  pilose;  outermost  scales  fall  in  early  autumn. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  brown-tomentose,  becoming  smooth 
and  grayish ;  on  the  trunk  thick,  hard,  grayish,  slightly  ridged 
by  shallow,  irregular  fissures,  becoming  rugged  on  very  old 
trunks. 

WOOD. — Very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained, 
elastic,  dark  brown,  with  thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Southern  Peninsula  as  far  north  as 
Grand  Rapids  and  Flint.  Infrequent. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  rich,  well-drained  soil,  but  grows  well 
in  various  situations,  if  they  are  not  too  wet. 

NOTES. — Hardy  throughout  its  range.  Difficult  to  trans- 
plant. 

—  73  — 


Small  Pignut  Hickory 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y3. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  J/>. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  74  — 


JUGLANDACEAE 
Small  Pignut  Hickory 

Carya  microcarpa  Nutt.    [Hicoria  odorata   {Marsh.)   Sarg.] 

[Hicoria  microcarpa  (Ntitt.)  Britt.]     [Hicoria 

glabra,  v.  odorata  Sarg.] 

HABIT.— A  tree  usually  50-70  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  1-3  feet;  forming  an  oblong  or  sometimes  rounded  crown 
of  slender,  spreading  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  compound,  8-12  inches  long.  Leaflets 
usually  5-7,  the  upper  3-6  inches  long,  2-2%  inches  broad;  sessile, 
except  the  terminal ;  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  long-pointed ; 
sharply  serrate;  thick  and  firm;  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green 
above,  lighter  beneath.  Petioles  long,  glabrous.  Foliage  fragrant 
when  crushed. 

FLOWERS. — May,  after  the  leaves ;  monoecious ;  the  stam- 
inate  in  pendulous,  ternate  catkins  3-7  inches  long,  slender,  green- 
ish, glabrous;  stamens  4,  with  orange  anthers;  the  pistillate  in 
2-5-flowered  spikes,  %  inch  long;  calyx  4-toothed,  hairy;  corolla 
o;  stigmas  2,  yellow. 

FRUIT. — September ;  subglobose  or  globose-oblong,  less  than 
I  inch  long,  with  thin  husk  splitting  nearly  to  the  base;  nut 
obscurely  4-ridged,  with  thin  shell  and  small,  sweet  kernel. 

WINTER-BUDS. — J4-H  inch  long,  dome-shaped,  red-brown, 
smooth. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish,  long-hairy,  becoming  reddish  and 
finally  gray;  thick,  hard  and  grayish  on  the  trunk,  divided  by 
shallow  fissures  into  narrow  plates,  and  more  or  less  shaggy. 

WrOOD.— Heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  elastic, 
dark  brown,  with  thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Confined  to  the  most  southern  portions 
of  the  Lower  Peninsula. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  well-drained  slopes  and  hillsides. 

NOTES. — Resembles  C.  glabra,  but  the  nut  is  much  smaller. 
—  75  — 


Pignut  Hickory 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y4. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  i. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged 

6.  Fruit,  x  y3. 

—  76  — 


JUGLANDACEAE 
Pignut  Hickory 

Carya  glabra  (Mill.)  Spach.    [Hicoria  glabra  (Mill.)  Britt.] 
[Carya  porcina  Nutt.] 

HABIT. — A  tree  usually  50-65  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  1-3  feet;  forming  a  low,  rather  narrow,  open  crown  of 
slender,  often  contorted  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  compound,  8-12  inches  long.  Leaflets 
usually  5-7,  the  upper  3-6  inches  long,  2-2^/2  inches  broad;  sub- 
sessile,  except  the  terminal ;  oblong  to  obovate-lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed;  sharply  serrate;  thick  and  firm;  glabrous,  dark  yellow- 
green  above,  paler  beneath.  Petioles  long,  slender,  glabrous  or 
pubescent.  Foliage  fragrant  when  crushed. 

FLOWERS. — May,  after  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stam- 
inate  in  pendulous,  ternate  catkins,  3-7  inches  long,  slender, 
yellow-green,  tomentose ;  scales  3-lobed,  nearly  glabrous ;  stamens 
4,  with  orange  anthers;  the  pistillate  in  crowded,  2-5-flowered 
spikes,  J4  mcn  long;  calyx  4-toothed,  hairy;  corolla  o;  stigmas  2, 
yellow. 

FRUIT. — October;  variable  in  size  and  shape,  1^2-2  inches 
long,  with  thin  husk  splitting  half-way  and  sometimes  nearly 
to  the  base ;  nut  obscurely  4-ridged,  with  thin  or  thick,  hard  shell 
and  small,  sweet  or  slightly  bitter  kernel  which  is  hard  to 
remove. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  l/4-l/2  inch  long,  dome- 
shaped,  greenish  or  grayish,  smooth  or  finely  downy. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish,  nearly  glabrous,  becoming  reddish, 
and  finally  grayish;  thick,  hard  and  grayish  on  the  trunk,  with  a 
firm,  close  surface  divided  by  small  fissures  and  sometimes 
broken  into  plates. 

WOOD.— Heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  close-grained, 
elastic,  dark  brown,  with  thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Occurs  only  in  the  extreme  southern 
portion  of  the  Lower  Peninsula.  Common  within  its  range. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  deep,  rich  loam,  but  grows  in  any 
well-drained  soil ;  dry  ridges  and  hillsides. 

NOTES. — Hardy    and    desirable    for    ornamental    purposes. 
Difficult  to  transplant.    Not  adapted  to  street  use. 
—  77  — 


Ititlernut  Hickory 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y3. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  78  — 


JUGLANDACEAE 
Bittenmt  Hickory 

Carya  cordiformis  (Wang.)  K.  Koch  [Hicoria  minima 
(Marsh.)  Britt.]     [Carya  amara  Nutt.] 

HABIT.— A  tall,  slender  tree  50-75  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  i-2l/2  feet;  forming  a  broad  crown  of  slender,  stiff, 
upright  branches,  widest  near  the  top. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  compound,  6-10  inches  long.  Leaflets 
5-1 1,  the  upper  4-6  inches  long  and  one-fourth  as  broad;  sessile, 
except  the  terminal ;  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  long-pointed ; 
coarsely  serrate;  thin  and  firm;  glabrous,  bright  green  above, 
paler  and  more  or  less  downy  beneath.  Petioles  slender,  hairy. 
Foliage  fragrant  when  crushed. 

FLOWERS.— May,  after  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stam- 
inate  slightly  pubescent,  in  pendulous,  ternate  catkins  3-4  inches 
long,  on  a  common  peduncle  about  i  inch  long;  scales  3-lobed, 
hairy;  stamens  4,  with  bearded,  yellow  anthers;  the  pistillate 
in  2-5-flowered  spikes  */2  inch  long,  scurfy-tomentose ;  calyx 
4-lobed,  pubescent ;  corolla  o ;  stigmas  2,  greenish. 

FRUIT.— October;  obovate  to  globular,  about  i  inch  long, 
coated  with  yellow,  scurfy  pubescence,  with  very  thin  husk  split- 
ting half-way  to  the  base,  with  sutures  winged  at  the  top ;  nut 
quite  smooth,  with  thin  shell  and  small,  bitter  kernel. 

WINTER-BUDS. — Terminal  bud  about  34  inch  long,  long- 
pointed,  flattish,  granular-yellow ;  lateral  buds  more  or  less 
4-angled. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish  and  more  or  less  downy,  becoming 
brownish,  and  finally  grayish;  gray, -close,  smooth  on  the  trunk, 
often  reticulately  ridged,  but  rarely  broken  into  plates. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained, 
dark  brown,  with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Of  common  occurrence  in  the  southern 
half  of  the  Lower  Peninsula. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  a  rich,  loamy  or  gravelly  soil;  low,  wet 
woods ;  along  the  borders  of  streams ;  but  also  found  on  high, 
dry  uplands. 

NOTES. — Grows  most  rapidly  of  all  the  hickories,  but  is  apt,> 
to  show  dead  branches.     Should  be  propagated  from  the  seed,  as 
it  is  not  easily  transplanted. 

—  79  — 


Hornbeam.    Ironwood 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  y2. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  ^2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  l/2.      • 

—  80  — 


BETULACEAE 
Hornbeam.    Ironwood 

Ostrya  virginiana  (Mill.)  K.  Koch 


HABIT. — A  small  tree  usually  20-30  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  8-12  inches;  forming  a  broad,  rounded  crown  of 
many  long,  slender  branches  and  a  slender,  stiff  spray. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-5  inches  long,  about  one- 
half  as  broad ;  oblong-ovate ;  sharply  doubly  serrate ;  thin  and 
very  tough;  dull,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  more  or  lass 
pubescent  beneath;  petioles  short,  slender,  pubescent. 

FLOWERS. — April- May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the 
staminate  in  drooping,  cylindrical  catkins  from  wood  of  the 
previous  season,  usuaUy  in  threes ;  stamens  3-14,  crowded  on  -\ 
hairy  torus;  the  pistillate  in  erect,  lax  catkins  on  the  season's 
shoots,  usually  in  pairs,  each  flower  inclosed  in  a  hairy,  sac-like 
involucre. 

FRUIT. — September;  strobiles,  resembling  clusters  of  hops, 
1-2  inches  long,  borne  on  slender,  hairy  stems;  nuts  small  and 
flat,  inclosed  by  sac-like  involucres. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  ^-J4 
inch  long,  ovoid,  acute,  red-brown. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  light  green,  becoming  lustrous,  red- 
brown,  and  finally  dull  dark  brown;  thin,  gray-brown  on  the 
trunk,  very  narrowly  and  longitudinally  ridged. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  tough,  close-grained, 
durable,  light  red-brown,  with  thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  throughout  the  entire   state. 
HABITAT.— Prefers  dry,  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges. 

NOTES. — Often  grows  in  shade  of  other  trees.  Not  easily 
transplanted.  Rather  slow  of  growth.  Too  small  for  street  use. 

—  81  — 


Blue  Beech.     Water  Beech 


1.  Winter  twig.,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  J-l 


BETULACEAE 
Blue  Beech.    Water  Beech 

Carpinus  caroliniana  Walt. 

HABIT.— Usually  a  low,  bushy  tree  or  large  shrub,  10-30 
feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  6-12  inches;  trunk  short, 
usually  fluted ;  slender  zigzag  branches  and  a  fine  spray  form  a 
close,  flat-topped  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  2-4  inches  long  and  one-half 
as  broad ;  ovate  to  oval,  long-pointed ;  sharply  doubly  serrate ; 
thin  and  firm ;  dull  green  above,  lighter  beneath,  turning  scarlet 
and  orange  in  autumn;  petioles  short,  slender,  hairy. 

FLOWERS. — May,  after  the  leaves ;  monoecious ;  apetalous  ; 
the  staminate  catkins  i-il/2  inches  long,  their  scales  greenish, 
boat-shaped,  each  bearing  3-20  stamens ;  the  pistillate  catkins 
1/2-24  inch  long,  their  scales  hairy,  greenish,  each  bearing  2 
pistils  with  long,  scarlet  styles. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  midsummer,  but  often  remains  on  the 
tree  long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen ;  in.  loose,  terminal  strobiles ; 
involucre  halberd-shaped,  inclosing  a  small,  ovate,  brownish  nut. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  M< 
inch  long,  narrow-ovoid,  acute,  puberulous,  brownish. 

BARK. — Twigs  pale  green,  hairy,  becoming  lustrous,  dark 
red  the  first  winter;  trunk  and  large  limbs  thin,  smooth,  close, 
dark  bluish  gray,  often  mottled  with  lighter  or  darker  patches. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  tough,  very  strong,  close-grained, 
light  brown,  with  thick,  whitish  sapwood.  • 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  throughout  the  state. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  a  deep,  rich,  moist  soil  along  the  bord- 
ers of  streams  and  swamps.  Often  found  in  drier  situations  in 
the  shade  of  other  trees. 

NOTES. — Propagated  from  seed.     Not  easily  transplanted. 
Slow  of  growth.    Seldom  found  in  masses. 
—  83  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  BETULA 

a.  Bark  of  trunk  white,  separating  freely  into  thin,  papery 
layers ;  twigs  without  wintergreen  taste ;  leaves  usually  soli- 
tary, not  aromatic B.  alba  papyrifera,  p.  91. 

aa.  Bark  of  trunk  not  white,  usually  dark  colored,  not  separating 
freely  into  papery  layers;  twigs  with  more  or  less  winter- 
green  taste ;  leaves  solitary  or  in  pairs,  aromatic. 
b.  Bark  dirty-yellow,  breaking  into  strips  more  or  less  curled 
at  the  edges ;  leaves  solitary  or  in  pairs,  slightly  aromatic ; 
twigs  with  slight  wintergreen  taste B.  lutea,  p.  89, 

bb.  Bark  dark  red-brown,  cleaving  off  in  thick,  irregular  plates 
(resembles  bark  of  Black  Cherry)  ;  leaves  in  pairs,  strongly 

aromatic ;   twigs   with  strong  wintergreen  taste 

B.  lenta,  p.   87. 

—  84  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  BETULA 

a.  Bark  of  trunk  white,  separating  freely  into  thin,  papery  lay- 
ers; twigs  without  wintergreen  taste. 5.  alba  papyrif era,  $.  91. 

aa.  Bark  of  trunk  not  white,  usually  dark  colored,  not  separat- 
.ing  into  papery  layers;  twigs  with  more  or  less  wintergreen 
taste. 

b.  Bark  dirty-yellow,  breaking  into  strips  more  or  less  curled 

at  the  edges;  twigs  with  slight  wintergreen  taste 

B.  lutea,  p.  89, 

bb.  Bark  dark  red-brown,  cleaving  off  in  thick,  irregular  plates 
(resembles  bark  of  Black  Cherry)  ;  twigs  with  strong 
wintergreen  taste B.  lenta,  p.  87. 


—  85  — 


Sweet  Birch.  Black  Birch.   Cherry  Birch 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  y2. 

8.  Fruit,  enlarged. 

—  86  — 


BETULACEAE 
Sweet  Birch.    Black  Birch.    Cherry  Birch 

Betula  lenta  L* 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  70-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  1-3  feet;  slender,  wide-spreading,  pendulous  branches, 
forming  a  narrow,  rounded,  open  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate  in  pairs,  simple,  3-4  inches  long  and 
one-half  as  broad;  outline  variable,  ovate  to  oblong-ovate;  sharp- 
ly doubly  serrate,  with  slender,  incurved  teeth;  dull,  dark  green 
above,  light  yellow-green  beneath ;  petioles  short,  stout,  hairy, 
deeply  grooved  above;  aromatic. 

FLOWERS.— April,  before  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the 
staminate  catkins  3-4  inches  long,  slender,  pendent,  yellowish ;  the 
pistillate  catkins  ^2-^4  mch  long,  erect  or  suberect,  greenish. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  autumn;  sessile,  glabrous,  erect  strobiles, 
i-i}/2  inches  long  and  half  as  thick;  scales  glabrous;  nuts  slightly 
broader  than  their  wings. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  about 
*4  inch  long,  conical,  sharp-pointed,  red-brown,  divergent. 

BARK. — Twigs  light  green,  becoming  lustrous,  red-brown  in 
their  first  winter;  very  dark  on  old  trunks,  cleaving  off  in  thick, 
irregular  plates.  Resembles  bark  of  Black  Cherry.  Inner  bark 
aromatic,  spicy. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  dark 
red-brown,  with  thin,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Scattered  throughout  the  state;  rare  in 
the  south,  more  abundant  and  of  larger  size  in  the  north. 

HABITAT. — Grows  in  any  situation,  but  refers  moist,  rocky 
slopes  and  rich  uplands. 

NOTES. — Hardy  throughout  its  range.     Easily  transplanted. 


*A  discussion  has  recently  arisen  as  to  whether  Betula  lenta 
actually  exists  in  the  state,  some  botanists  preferring  the  name 
B.  allcghanensis  Britt.  for  the  tree  we  have  so  long  called  Black 
Birch.  Pending  further  investigation  the  authors  have  thought 
best  to  retain  the  old  name. 

Ref.-Britton :  North  American  Trees,  pp.  257-8. 
—  87  — 


Yellow  Birch.     Gray  Birch 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  y2. 

8.  Fruit,  x  10. 


BETULACEAE 
Yellow  Birch.    Gray  Birch 

Betula  lutea  Michx.  f. 

HABIT.— A  tree  60-80  feet  high  and  2-4  feet  in  trunk  diam- 
eter; numerous  slender,  pendulous  branches  form  a  broad,  open, 
rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  simple,  3-5  inches 
long  and  one-half  as  broad;  ovate  to  oblong-ovate;  sharply  doubly 
serrate;  dull  dark  green  above,  yellow-green  beneath;  petioles 
short,  slender,  grooved,  hairy;  slightly  aromatic. 

FLOWERS.— April,  before  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the 
staminate  catkins  3-4  inches  long,  slender,  pendent,  purplish 
yellow ;  the  pistillate  catkins  sessile  or  nearly  so,  erect,  almost 
I  inch  long,  greenish. 

FRUIT.— Ripens  in  autumn;  sessile  or  short-stalked,  erect, 
glabrous  strobiles,  about  I  inch  long  and  half  as  thick;  scales 
downy  on  the  back  and  edges;  nut  about  as  broad  as  the  wing. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  about 
y^  inch  long,  conical,  acute,  chestnut-brown,  more  or  less  appres- 
sed ;  bud-scales  more  or  less  pubescent. 

BARK. — Twigs,  branches  and  young  stems  smooth,  very 
lustrous,  silvery  gray  or  light  orange;  becoming  silvery  yellow- 
gray  as  the  trunk  expands  and  breaking  into  strips  more  or  less 
curled  at  the  edges ;  old  trunks  becoming  gray  or  blackish,  dull, 
deeply  and  irregularly  fissured  into  large,  thin  plates ;  somewhat 
aromatic,  slightly  bitter. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout  the  state,  but  more  abund- 
ant and  of  larger  size  northward. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  rich,  moist  uplands,  but  grows  in  wet 
or  dry  situations. 

NOTES.— One    of    the    largest    deciduous-leaved    trees    of 
Michigan.     Easily  transplanted,  but  not  desirable  as  a  street  tree. 
—  89  — 


Paper  Birch.    Canoe  Birch.    White  Birch 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  y2. 

8.  Fruit,  x  3J4. 

—  90  — 


BETULACEAE 
Paper  Birch.    Canoe  Birch.    White  Birch 

Betula  alba  papyrifcra   (Marsh.)  Spach.    [Betula  papyrifera 
Marsh.] 

HABIT.— A  tree  50-75  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of 
1-3  feet,  forming  in  youth  a  compact,  pyramidal  crown  of  many 
slender  branches,  becoming  in  old  age  a  long,  branchless  trunk 
with  a  broad,  open  crown,  composed  of  a  few  large  limbs  ascend- 
ing at  an  acute  angle,  with  almost  horizontal  branches  and  a 
slender,  flexible  spray. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  2-3  inches  long,  iJ^-2  inches 
broad;  ovate;  coarsely,  more  or  less  doubly, serrate;  thick  and 
firm;  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  lighter  beneath,  covered  with 
minute  black  glands ;  petioles  stout,  yellow,  glandular,  glabrous  or 
pubescent. 

FLOWERS. — April,  before  the  leaves ;  monoecious ;  the  stam- 
inate  catkins  clustered  or  in  pairs,  3-4  inches  long,  slender,  pend- 
ent, brownish;  the  pistillate  catkins  about  i^j  inches  long,  slender, 
erect  or  spreading,  greenish;  styles  bright  red. 

FRUIT.— Ripens  in  autumn;  long-stalked,  cylindrical,  glab- 
rous, drooping  strobiles,  about  ll/z  inches  long;  scales  hairy 
on  the  margin ;  nut  narrower  than  its  wing. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  >£ 
inch  long,  narrow-ovoid,  acute,  flattish,  slightly  resinous,  usually 
divergent. 

BARK. — Twigs  dull  red,  becoming  lustrous,  orange-brown ; 
bark  of  trunk  and  large  limbs  cream-white  and  lustrous  on  the 
outer  surface,  bright  orange  on  the  inner,  separating  freely  into 
thin,  papery  layers,  becoming  furrowed  and  almost  black  near  the 
ground. 

WOOD. — Light,  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained, 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Lansing  and  northward.  Common  in 
central  Michigan  as  a  small  tree.  Of  larger  size  in  the  Upper 
Peninsula. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  rich,  moist  hillsides;  borders  of, 
streams,  lakes  and  swamps ;  but  is  also  found  in  drier  situations. 

NOTES. — A  rapid  grower  in  youth.    The  bark  is  used  by  the 
Indians  and  woodsmen  for  canoes,  wigwams,  baskets,  torches,  etc. 
—  91  — 


Beech.    White  Beech 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  Y$. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Bur,  opened,  x  i. 

8.  Nut,  x  i. 

—  92  — 


FAGACEAE 
Beech.    White  Beech 

Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.  [Fagus  atropunicea  (Marsh.)  Sudw.] 
[Fagus  ferruginea  Ait.}    [Fagus  americana  Sweet} 

HABIT. — A  beautiful  tre£,  rising  commonly  to  a  height  of 
50-75  feet,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  2-4  feet;  in  the  forest,  tall 
and  slender,  with  short  branches  forming  a  narrow  crown,  in  the 
open  with  a  short,  thick  trunk  and  numerous  slender,  spreading 
branches,  forming  a  broad,  compact,  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-5  inches  long,  one-half  as 
broad ;  oblong-ovate,  acuminate ;  coarsely  serrate,  a  vein  termin- 
ating in  each  tooth ;  thin ;  dark  blue-green  above,  light  yellow- 
green  and  very  lustrous  beneath ;  petioles  short,  hairy. 

FLOWERS.— April-May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the 
staminate  in  globose  heads  I  inch  in  diameter,  on  long,  slender, 
hairy  peduncles,  yellow-green;  calyx  campanulate,  4-7-lobed, 
hairy;  corolla  o;  stamens  8-10;  the  pistillate  on  short,  hairy 
peduncles  in  2-flowered  clusters  surrounded  by  numerous  awl- 
shaped,  hairy  bracts;  calyx  urn-shaped,  4-5-lobed;  corolla  o; 
ovary  3-celled;  styles  3. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  autumn;  a  prickly  bur  borne  on  stout, 
hairy  peduncles,  persistent  on  the  branch  after  the  nuts  have 
fallen ;  nuts  usually  3,  24  inch  long,  sharply  tetrahedral,  brownish ; 
sweet  and  edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Nearly  I  inch  long,  very  slender,  cylin- 
drical, gradually  taper-pointed,  brownish,  puberulous. 

BARK. — Twigs  lustrous,  olive-green,  finally  changing 
through  brown  to  ashy  gray;  close,  smooth,  steel-gray  on  the 
trunk,  often  mottled  by  darker  blotches  and  bands. 

WOOD. — Hard,  tough,  strong,  very  close-grained,  not  dur- 
able, difficult  to  season,  light  or  dark  red,  with  thin,  whitish 
sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  in  the  Lower  Peninsula,  es- 
pecially in  the  northern  portions;  rare  in  the  Upper  Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  deep,  rich,  well-drained  loam,  but  is 
found  and  does  well  on  a  great  variety  of  soils. 

NOTES. — Hardy  throughout  its  range.     Desirable  for  land- 
scape work  because  of  its  clean  trunk  and  limbs,  deep  shade,  and 
freedom  from  insect  pests.     Often  suckers  from  the  roots. 
—  93  — 


Chestnut 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  I,eaf,  x  H- 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Prickly  bur,  opened,  x  Yz. 

7.  Nut,  x  y2. 

—  94  — 


FAGACEAE 
Chestnut 

Castanea  dcntata  {Marsh.)  Borkh.    [Castanea  vesca,  v.  ameri- 
cana  Michx.]    [Castanea  saliva,  v.  americana  Sarg.] 

HABIT.— A  tree  60-80  feet  high,  forming  a  short,  straight 
trunk  2-4  feet  in  diameter,  divided  not  far  above  the  ground 
into  several  stout,  horizontal  limbs  and  forming  a  broad,  open, 
rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  6-8  inches  long,  2-3  inches 
broad;  oblong-lanceolate,  long-pointed  at  the  apex;  coarsely 
serrate  with  stout,  incurved,  glandular  teeth ;  thin ;  dull  yellow- 
green  above,  lighter  beneath,  glabrous;  petioles  short,  stout, 
puberulous. 

FLOWERS. — June-July,  after  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the 
staminate  catkins  6-8  inches  long,  slender,  puberulous,  bearing 
3-7-flowered  cymes  of  yellow-green  flowers;  calyx  6-cleft,  pube- 
scent; stamens  10-20;  the  androgynous  catkins  2^-5  inches  long, 
puberulous,  bearing  2-3  prickly  involucres  of  pistillate  flowers 
near  their  base ;  calyx  campanulate,  6-lobed ;  styles  6. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  autumn ;  round,  thick,  prickly  burs, 
about  2  inches  in  diameter,  containing  1-3  nuts ;  nuts  compressed, 
brownish,  coated  with  whitish  down  at  the  apex;  sweet  and 
edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  ft 
inch  long,  ovoid,  acute,  brownish. 

BARK. — Twigs  lustrous,  yellow-green,  becoming  olive-green 
and  finally  dark  brown ;  old  trunks  gray-brown,  with  shallow 
fissures  and  broad,  flat  ridges. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  coarse-grained,  weak,  easily  split,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  red-brown,  with  very  thin, 
lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— South-eastern  Michigan,  as  far  north 
as  St.  Clair  County.  Abundant  in  eastern  Monroe  County  and 
Wayne  County. 

HABITAT. — Pastures;  hillsides;  glacial  drift;  well-drained, 
gravelly  or  rocky  soil. 

NOTES. — A  rapid  grower  and  living  to  a  great  age.  Diffi- 
cult to  transplant.  Subject  to  a  disease  which  threatens  exter- 
mination in  this  country. 

—  95  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  QUERCUS 

a.  Leaves  deeply  cut  or  lobed. 

b.  Leaf-lobes    acute,    bristle-tipped;    fruit    maturing    in    the 
second  season. 

c.  Lower  surface  of  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent. 

d.  Leaf-lobes  usually  7;  buds  hoary-tomentose ;  bark  of 

trunk  deeply  furrowed  and  scaly;  inner  bark  yellow; 

cup-scales    of    acorn    hoary-pubescent;     nut    ovoid; 

large  tree,  common  in  Michigan. .  .Q.  velutina,  p.  117. 

dd.  Leaf-lobes  usually  3  (at  apex  of  the  leaf  only)  ;  buds 

rusty-hairy;  bark  of  trunk  divided  into  nearly  square 

plates;    inner  bark  not  yellow;    cup-scales  of   acorn 

rusty-tomentose ;  nut  subglobose ;   shrubby  tree,  rare 

in  Michigan Q.  marilandica,  p.  1 19. 

cc.  Lower  surface  of  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

d.  Cup  of  acorn  top-shaped  or  cup-shaped,  inclosing  one- 
third  to  one-half  of  the  nut. 

e.  Kernel  of  nut  yellow;  buds  glabrous,  lustrous, 
slightly  angular ;  inner  bark  of  trunk  yellow ;  trunk 
provided  with  pins  or  stubs  of  dead  branches  near 

the  ground Q.  ellipsoidalis,  p.   115. 

ee.  Kernel  of  nut  whitish ;  buds  pubescent  above  the 
middle,  not  angular;  inner  bark  of  trunk  red;  trunk 
not  provided  with  pins  or  stubs  of  branches  near 

the  ground Q.  coccinea,  p.  113. 

dd.  Cup  of  acorn  saucer-shaped,  inclosing  only  the  base 

of  the  nut. 

e.  Upper  surface  of  leaves  usually  lustrous,  especially 
on  the  lower  branches;  lowermost  branches  of  trees 
growing  in  the  open  drooping  nearly  to  the  ground ; 

nut  about  l/2  inch  long Q.  palustris,  p.  in. 

—  96  — 


ee.  Upper    surface    of    leaves    usually    dull;    lowermost 
branches  of  trees  growing  in  the  open  not  drooping; 

nut  about  i  inch  long Q.  rubra,  p.  109. 

bb.  Leaf-lobes    rounded,    not    bristle-tipped;    fruit    maturing 
in  the  first  season. 

c.  Leaves  cut  nearly  to  the  midrib  by  a  pair  of  deep  sinuses 
near  the  middle  of  the  leaf;  branches  corky-ridged;  nut 
l/2-il/2  inches  long,  deeply  seated  in  a  large,  conspic- 
uously fringed  cup '.  .Q.  macrocarpa,  p.  103. 

cc.  Leaves  not  cut  by  a  pair  of  deep  sinuses;  branches  not 
corky-ridged ;  nut  about  24  inch  long,  about  one-fourth 
covered  by  a  thin,  tomentose,  warty  cup.  .Q.  alba,  p.  101. 
aa.  Leaves  not  deeply  cut  nor  lobed. 

b.  Margin  of  leaf  entire  to  sinuate-crenate,  but  not  toothed ; 
acorns  on  stalks  ^2-4  inches  long. 

c.  Margin  of  leaf  entire,  or  only  slightly  undulate;  acorns 
on  peduncles  l/2  inch  long,  the  nut  about  Y-I  inch  long; 
bark  on  branches  not  breaking  into  large,  papery  scales 

Q.  imbricaria,  p.   121. 

cc.  Margin  of  leaf  sinuate-crenate,  rarely  lobed;  acorns  on 
stems  1-4  inches  long,  the  nut  about  I  inch  long;  bark 
on  branches  breaking  into  large,  papery  scales  which 

curl  back Q.  bicolor,  p.  105. 

bb.  Margin   of   leaf   coarsely   toothed;    acorns    sessile   or   on 
stalks  less  than  l/2  inch  long Q.  mnhlenbergii,  p,  107. 


—  97  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  QUERCUS 

a.  Terminal  buds  usually  about  J4  inch  long, 
b.  Twigs      thick-tomentose ;      entire      bud      pale-pubescent; 
branches  corky-ridged;  cup  of  acorn  conspicuously  fringed 

at  the  rim [i]*  Q.  macrocarfra,  p.  103. 

bb.  Twigs  glabrous ;  buds  glabrous,  or  only  slightly  or  par- 
tially pubescent;   branches  without  corky  ridges;   cup  of 
acorn  not  conspicuously  fringed  at  the  rim. 
c.  Bark    on   branches    breaking    into    large,    papery    scales 
which  curl  back;  buds  pilose  above  the  middle;  acorns 

on  pubescent  stems  1-4  inches  long 

[i]   Q.  bicolor,  p.  105. 

cc.  Bark  on  branches  not  breaking  into  large,  papery  scales ; 
buds  glabrous;  acorns  sessile  or  very  short-stalked, 
d.  Bark  of  trunk  ash-gray  or  nearly  white,  flaky ;  acorns 
maturing  in  autumn  of   first   season;   kernel   of  nut 
sweet. 

e.  Buds  conical,  acute ;  bud-scales  scarious  on  the  mar- 
gins ;  nut  white-downy  at  the  apex 

[i]    Q.  muhlcnbcrgii,  p.  107. 

ee.  Buds  broadly  ovoid,  obtuse;  bud-scales  not  scarious 
on  the  margins ;  nut  not  white-downy  at  the  apex .  . 

[i]  Q.  alba,  p.  101. 

dd.  Rark  of  trunk  light  tp  dark  brown,  smoothish  or  only 
slightly  fissured ;  acorns  maturing  in  autumn  of  sec- 
ond season ;  kernel  of  nut  bitter. 


*[l]  means  that  the  acorns  mature  in  the  autumn  of  the 
first  season,  hence  mature  acorns  will  not  be  found  on  the  tree, 
but  on  the  ground  beneath  the  tree. 

[2]  means  that  the  acorns  mature  in  the  autumn  of  the 
second  season,  hence  immature  acorns  will  be  found  on  the  last 
season's  twigs,  and  mature  acorns  on  the  ground  beneath  the 
tree. 


e.  Lateral  buds  widely  divergent;  bud-scales  scarious 
on  the  margins;  lowermost  branches  of  trees  grow- 
ing in  the  open  not  drooping  nearly  to  the  ground 

[2]    Q.  imbricaria,  p.   121. 

ee.  Lateral  buds  more  or  less  appressed ;  bud-scales  not 
scarious  on  the  margins ;  lowermost  branches  of 
trees  growing  in  the  open  drooping  nearly  to  the 

ground [2]  Q.  palustris,  p.  in. 

aa.  Terminal  buds  usually  about  J4  nicn  long   (slightly  smaller 
in  Q.  ellipsoidalis). 

b.  Ends  conspicuously  hairy  or  tomentose. 
c.  Buds  rusty-hairy,  acute  at  the  apex ;  cup-scales  of  acorn 
rusty-tomentose ;  inner  bark  of  trunk  not  yellow ;  shrub- 
by tree,  rare  in  Michigan. ...  [2]  Q.  marilandica,  p.  119. 
cc.  Buds  hoary-tomentose,  obtuse  at  the  apex;  cup-scales  of 
acorn    hoary-pubescent;    inner    bark    of    trunk    yellow; 
large  tree,  common  in  Michigan.  .[2]  Q.  velutina,  p.  117. 
bb.  Buds  glabrous,  or  pubescent  only  above  the  middle. 

c.  Buds  strictly  glabrous  throughout,  lustrous ;  inner  bark 
of  trunk  yellow  or  whitish. 

d.  Buds  obtuse  at  the  apex;  trunk  provided  with  pins  or 
stubs  of  dead  branches  near  the  ground;  inner  bark 
of  trunk  yellow;  nut  Y^-Y^  inch  long,  inclosed  for 
one-third  to  one-half  of  its  length  in  a  top-shaped 
cup;  kernel  of  nut  yellow.  .[2]  Q.  ellipsoidalis,  p.  115. 
dd.  Buds  acute  at  the  apex;  trunk  not  provided  with  pins 
or  stubs  of  branches  near  the  ground ;  inner  bark  of 
trunk  whitish;  nut  about  I  inch  long,  inclosed  only 
at  the  base  by  a  shallow,  saucer-shaped  cup;  kernel 

of  nut  white [2]   Q.  rubra,  p.  109. 

cc.  Buds  pale-pubescent  above  the  middle,  but  usually  glab-' 

rous  below,  not  lustrous;  inner  bark  of  trunk  red 

[2]    Q.  coccinea,  p.  1 13. 


White  Oak 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  100  — 


FAGACEAE 
White  Oak 

Quercus  alba  L. 

HABIT.— A  large  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  2-4  feet;  forming  a  short,  thick  trunk  with  stout,  horizontal, 
far-reaching  limbs,  more  or  less  gnarled  and  twisted  in  old  age, 
and  a  broad,  open  crown.  , 

LEAVES.— Alternate,  simple,  5-9  inches  long,  about  one- 
half  as  broad;  obovate  to  oblong;  5-g-lobed,  some  with  broad 
lobes  and  shallow  sinuses,  others  with  narrow  lobes  and  deep, 
narrow  sinuses,  the  lobes  usually  entire;  thin  and  firm;  glabrous, 
bright  green  above,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath;  often  persistent 
on  the  tree  through  the  winter. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves ;  monoecious ;  the  stam- 
inate  in  hairy  catkins  2-3  inches  long;  the  pistillate  sessile  or 
short-peduncled,  reddish,  tomentose;  calyx  campanulate,  6-8- 
lobed,  yellow,  hairy ;  corolla  o ;  stamens  6-8,  with  yellow  anthers : 
stigmas  red. 

FRUIT.— Autumn  of  first  season;  sessile  or  short-stalked 
acorns;  cup  with  small,  brown-tomentose  scales,  inclosing  one- 
fourth  of  the  nut;  nut  oblong-ovoid,  rounded  at  the  apex,  about 
Y^  inch  long,  light  brown ;  kernel  sweet  and  edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  Ys  inch  long,  broadly 
ovoid,  obtuse;  scales  smooth,  dark  red-brown. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  bright  green,  tomentose,  later  red- 
dish, and  finally  ashy  gray;  thick,  light  gray  or  whitish  on  old 
trunks,  shallowly  fissured  into  broad,  flat  ridges. 

WOOD. — Very  heavy,  strong,  hard,  tough,  close-grained, 
durable,  light  brown,  with  thin,  light  brown  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Rare  in  the  Upper  Peninsula,  common 
in  the  Lower  Peninsula,  especially  in  the  lower  half. 

HABITAT.— Grows  well  in  all  but  very  wet  soils,  in  all  open 
exposures. 

NOTES.— Slow  and  even  of  growth.  Difficult  to  transplant. 
—  101  — 


Bur  Oak 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  l/3, 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  J/2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  102  — 


FAGACEAE 
Bur  Oak 

Q  itc  re  us  macrocarpa  Miclix. 

HABIT. — A  large  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  2-4  feet 
in  diameter;  great,  spreading  branches  form  a  broad,  rugged 
crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  6-10  inches  long  and  one-half 
as  broad;  obovate  to  oblong,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base;  crenately 
lobed,  usually  cut  nearly  to  the  midrib  by  two  opposite  sinuses 
near  the  middle;  thick  and  firm;  dark  green  and  shining  above, 
pale  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  short,  stout. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves ;  monoecious ;  the  stam- 
inate  in  slender,  hairy  catkins  4-6  inches  long ;  the  pistillate  sessile 
or  short-stalked,  reddish,  tomentose;  calyx  4-6-lobed,  yellow- 
green,  downy ;  corolla  o ;  stamens  4-6,  with  yellow  anthers ; 
stigmas  bright  red. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  first  season;  sessile  or  short-stalked 
acorns;  very  variable  in  size  and  shape;  cup  typically  deep,  cup- 
shaped,  tomentose,  fringed  at  the  rim,  inclosing  one-third  or  all 
of  the  nut;  nut  broad-ovoid,  ^2-1/^2  inches  long,  brownish,  pube- 
scent ;  kernel  white,  sweet  and  edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  ]/»  inch  long,  broadly  ovoid 
or  conical,  red-brown,  pale-pubescent. 

BARK. — Twigs  yellow-brown,  thick-tomentose,  becoming 
ash-gray  or  brownish ;  branches  with  corky  ridges ;  thick  and 
gray-brown  on  the  trunk,  deeply  furrowed. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  very 
durable,  brownish,  with  thin,  pale  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  throughout  both  peninsulas. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  rich,  moist  soil;  bottom-lands;  but  is 
tolerant  of  many  soils. 

NOTES.— Rather  slow  of  growth.    Difficult  to  transplant. 
—  103  — 


Swamp  White  Oak.    Swamp  Oak 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  Yz. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  104  — 


FAGACEAE 
Swamp  White  Oak.    Swamp  Oak 

Quercus  bicolor  Willd.  [Quercus  platanoides  (Lam.)  Sudw.] 

HABIT. — A  large  tree  50-70  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  2-3  feet;  forming  a  rather  open,  rugged  crown  of  tortuous, 
pendulous  branches  and  short,  stiff,  bushy  spray. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  5-7  inches  long,  3-5  inches 
broad ;  obovate  to  oblong-obovate ;  coarsely  sinuate-crenate  or 
shallow-lobed;  thick  and  firm;  dark  green  and  shining  above, 
whitish  and  more  or  less  tomentose  beneath;  petioles  stout, 
about  J4  inch  long. 

FLOWERS.— May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stam- 
inate  in  hairy  catkins  3-4  inches  long;  the  pistillate  tomentose,  on 
long,  tomentose  peduncles,  in  few-flowered  spikes;  calyx  deeply 
5-Q-lobed,  yellow-green,  hairy;  corolla  o;  stamens  5-8,  with 
yellow  anthers;  stigmas  bright  red. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  first  season;  acorns  on  pubescent 
stems  1-4  inches  long,  usually  in  pairs ;  cup  cup-shaped,  with 
scales  somewhat  loose  (rim  often  fringed),  inclosing  one-third 
of  the  nut;  nut  ovoid,  light  brown,  pubescent  at  the  apex,  about  i 
inch  long;  kernel  white,  sweet,  edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  j£  inch  long,  broadly 
ovoid  to  globose,  obtuse;  scales  light  brown,  pilose  above  the 
middle. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  lustrous,  green,  becoming  red-brown, 
finally  dark  brown  and  separating  into  large,  papery  scales  which 
curl  back;  thick,  gray-brown  on  the  trunk,  deeply  fissured  into 
broad,  flat,  scaly  ridges. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  coarse-grained,  light 
brown,  with  thin,  indistinguishable  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Southern  half  of  Lower  Peninsula. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  moist,  rich  soil  bordering  swamps  and 
along  streams. 

NOTES. — Fairly  rapid  in  growth  and  reasonably  easy  to 
transplant. 

—  105  — 


Chinquapin  Oak.    Chestnut  Oak.    Yellow  Oak 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  Y2. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  106  — 


FAGACEAE 
Chinquapin  Oak.    Chestnut  Oak.    Yellow  Oak 

Qucrcus  muhlcnbergii  Engelm.    [Quercus  acuminata   (Michx.) 
Houba] 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  40-50  feet  high,  witli  a  trunk 
diameter  of  1-3  feet;  erect,  somewhat  short  branches  form  a 
narrow,  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  4-7  inches  long,  1-4  inches 
broad;  oblong-lanceolate  to  obovate;  coarsely  toothed;  thick  and 
firm ;  lustrous,  yellow-green  above,  pale-pubescent  beneath ; 
petioles  slender,  about  I  inch  long. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves ;  monoecious ;  the  stam- 
inate  in  hairy  catkins  3-4  inches  long;  the  pistillate  sessile  or  in 
short  spikes,  hoary-tomentose ;  calyx  campanulate,  5-8-lobed, 
yellow,  hairy;  corolla  o;  stamens  5-8,  with  yellow  anthers; 
stigmas  red. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  first  season;  sessile  or  short-stalked 
acorns:  cup  with  small  scales,  hoary-tomentose,  inclosing  one- 
half  of  the  nut;  nut  ovoid,  about  ^  inch  long,  light  brown; 
kernel  sweet,  sometimes  edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  %  inch  long,  conical, 
acute;  scales  chestnut-brown,  scarious  on  the  margin. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish  at  first,  becoming  gray-brown, 
finally  gray  or  brown ;  thin,  silvery  gray  or  ash  colored  and 
flaky  on  the  trunk. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  durable, 
dark  brown,  with  thin,  pale  brown  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Confined  to  the  southern  half  of  the 
Lower  Peninsula. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  a  limestone  soil;  dry  hillsides;  rich 
bottom-lands ;  rocky  river-banks. 

NOTES. — Grows  uniformly  until  maturity.  Leaves  resemble 
those  of  the  Chestnut.  A  form  which  differs  from  the  type  in 
having  broader,  obovate  leaves  broadest  above  the  middle  and 
a  flaky  bark  has  been  described  and  named  Quercus  Alexanders 
Britton. 

—  107  — 


Red  Oak 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  l/2. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  108  — 


FAGACEAE 
Red  Oak 

Quercus  rubra  L. 

HABIT.— A  large  tree  70-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  2-4  feet;  forming  a  broad,  rounded  crown  of  a  few  large, 
wide-spreading  branches  and  slender  branchlets. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  5-9  inches  long,  4-6  inches 
broad;  oval  to  obovate;  S-n-lobed  with  coarse-toothed,  bristle- 
tipped  lobes  tapering  from  broad  bases  and  wide,  oblique, 
rounded  sinuses;  thin  and  firm;  dull  dark  green  above,  paler 
beneath;  petioles  stout,  1-2  inches  long. 

FLOWERS. — April-May,  when  the  leaves  are  half  grown ; 
monoecious;  the  staminate  in  hairy  catkins  4-5  inches  long;  the 
pistillate  on  short,  glabrous  peduncles ;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  greenish ; 
corolla  o;  stamens  4-5,  with  yellow  anthers;  stigmas  long,  spread- 
ing, bright  green. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  second  season;  sessile  or  short-stalked 
acorns;  cup  shallow,  saucer-shaped,  inclosing  only  the  base  of 
the  nut;  scales  closely  appressed,  more  or  less. glossy,  puberulous, 
bright  red-brown;  nut  oblong-ovoid  with  a  broad  base,  about  I 
inch  long,  red-brown ;  kernel  white,  very  bitter. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  %  inch  long,  ovoid,  acute, 
light  brown,  smooth. 

BARK. — Twigs  lustrous,  green,  becoming  reddish,  finally 
dark  brown ;  young  trunks  smooth,  gray-brown ;  old  trunks 
darker,  shallowly  fissured  into  thin,  firm,  broad  ridges;  inner 
bark  light  red,  not  bitter. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  light  red- 
brown,  with  thin,  darker  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Southern  portion  of  Lower  Peninsula 
as  far  north  as  Roscommon  County,  and  sparingly  in  the  more 
northern  parts  of  the  state. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  rich,  moist  loam;  glacial  drift;  stream- 
banks.  Grows  well  in  all  well-drained  soils. 

NOTES.— Grows  rapidly.    A  good  street  tree. 
—  109  — 


Pin  Oak 


1.  Winter,  twig,  x  3. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y*. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flpvver,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  110  — 


FAGACEAE 
Pin  Oak 

Quercus  palustris  Mucnch. 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  40-50  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  1-2  feet;  forming  an  oblong  or  pyramidal  crown  of 
many  upright,  spreading  branches,  the  lowermost  drooping  nearly 
to  the  ground. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  4-6  inches  long,  2-4  inches 
broad;  obovate  to  ovate;  5-7-lobed  by  deep,  wide,  rounded  sinu- 
ses, the  lobes  few-toothed,  bristle-tipped;  thin  and  firm;  very 
lustrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath ;  petioles  slender. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stam- 
inate  in  hairy  catkins  2-4  inches  long;  the  pistillate  tomentose, 
borne  on  short,  tomentose  peduncles;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  hairy; 
corolla  o;  stamens  4-5,  with  yellow  anthers;  stigmas  recurved, 
bright  red. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  second  season ;  sessile  or  short-stalked 
acorns ;  cup  saucer-shaped  with  scales  closely  appressed,  dark 
red-brown,  inclosing  only  the  base  of  the  nut;  nut  nearly  hemi- 
spherical, about  J/2  inch  in  diameter,  light  brown;  kernel  bitter. 

WINTER-BUDS. — Terminal  bud  Y%  inch  long,  ovord  or 
conical,  acute,  light  brown,  smooth. 

BARK. — Twigs  dark  red  and  tomentose  at  first,  becoming 
lustrous,  green,  finally  gray-brown;  thick,  gray-brown  and 
smoothish  on  the  trunk. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  light  brown, 
with  thin,  darker  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION. — Confined  to  the  most  southern  portions 
of  the  Lower  Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  moist,  rich  soil ;  river-bottoms ;  bord- 
ers of  swamps. 

NOTES. — Grows  rapidly  and  uniformly.  Easily  trans-- 
planted.  The  tiny  branchlets  at  a  distance  give  the  impression  of 
the  tree  being  full  of  pins. 

—  Ill  — 


Scarlet  Oak 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  112  — 


FAGACEAE 
Scarlet  Oak 

Quercus  coccinea  Muench. 

HABIT. — A  tree  40-50  feet  high  and  12-15  inches  in  trunk 
diameter;  long,  slender  branches  form  a  rather  open,  rounded 
crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-6  inches  long  and  nearly  as 
broad;  broadly  obovate  to  oval;  5~9-lobed  by  deep,  wide,  rounded 
sinuses,  the  lobes  toothed  and  bristle-tipped;  thin  and  firm;  shin- 
ing, bright  green  above,  paler  beneath,  'both  sides  glabrous; 
turning  brilliant  scarlet  in  autumn;  petioles  slender,  1-2  inches 
Icng. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stam- 
inate  in  glabrous  catkins  3-4  inches  long;  the  pistillate  on  pube- 
scent peduncles  l/2  inch  long,  bright  red,  pubescent;  calyx  4-5- 
lobed,  reddish,  pubescent ;  corolla  o ;  stamens  usually  4,  with 
yellow  anthers;  stigmas  long,  spreading,  bright  red. 

FRUIT.- -Autumn  of  second  season;  sessile  or  short-stalked 
acorns;  cup  top-shaped  to  cup-shaped,  with  closely  imbricated, 
slightly  puberulous,  red-brown  scales,  inclosing  about  one-half 
of  the  nut;  nut  usually  short-ovoid.  Y^A  inch  long,  light  red- 
brown;  kernel  whitish,  bitter. 

WINTER-BUDS. — Terminal  bad  about  ]/$  inch  long,  broadly 
ovoid,  acute,  dark  red-brown,  pale-pubescent  above  the  middle. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  scurfy-pubescent,  later  lustrous, 
green,  finally  smooth,  light  brown;  thick,  dark  gray  or  brown 
on  old  trunks,  shallowly  fissured,  scaly;  inner  bark  red,  not 
bitter. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  light  red- 
brown,  with  thick,  darker  brown  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Lower    Peninsula,    southern    half. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  a  light,  dry,  sandy  soil. 

NOTES.— Rapid  of  growth.  Desirable  for  ornamental  plant- 
ing. 

—  113  — 


Hill's  Oak.    Northern  Pin  Oak.    Black  Oak 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged 
3-  Leaf,  x  y2. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  */>. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 
7-  Fruit,  x  I. 

—  114  — 


FAGACEAE 
Hill's  Oak.    Northern  Pin  Oak.    Black  Oak 

Quercus  ellipsoidalis  E.  J.  Hill 

HABIT. — A  tree  50-60  feet  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2-3 
feet  in  diameter;  forming  a  rather  narrow,  oblong  crown  of  up- 
right and  horizontal  branches.  Many  small,  drooping  branches 
are  sent  out  near  the  ground,  which  eventually  die;  and  it  is  to 
the  stubs  or  pins  which  persist  about  the  trunk  that  the  appela- 
tion  Pin  Oak  i§  due.  •*  ^ 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-7  inches  long  and  about  as 
broad ;  oval  to  nearly  orbicular ;  narrowly  5-7-lobed  by  deep, 
wide,  rounded  sinuses,  the  lobes  few-toothed,  bristle-tipped ; 
thin  and  firm;  lustrous,  bright  green  above,  paler  beneath,  both 
sides  glabrous  except  for  the  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath;  petioles  slender,  glabrous. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stam- 
inate  in  puberulous  catkins  2-3  inches  long;  the  pistillate  red, 
tomentose,  borne  on  stout,  tomentose,  i-3-flowered  peduncles; 
calyx  2-5-lobed  or  -parted,  glabrous  except  at  the  apex,  which 
is  fringed  with  long,  twisted  hairs;  corolla  o;  stamens  2-5,  with 
short  filaments ;  stigmas  3,  recurved,  dark  red. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  second  season;  short-stalked  or  nearly 
sessile  acorns;  cup  top-shaped,  with  scales  thin,  puberulous,  in- 
closing one-third  to  one-half  of  the  nut;  nut  ellipsoid,  l/2-^  inch 
kuig,  light  brown,  puberulous ;  kernel  yellow,  bitter. 

WIXTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  */&-%  inch  long,  ovoid, 
rather  obtuse,  slightly  angular,  lustrous,  red-brown. 

BARK. — Twigs  bright  red-brown,  covered  with  matted, 
pale  hairs,  becoming  glabrous,  dark  gray  or  brown ;  thin,  dull 
gray  to  dark  brown,  rather  smooth  or  closely  ribbed  on  the 
trunk ;  inner  bark  yellow. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  red-brown, 
with  thin,  paler  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— South-western  part  of  the  Lower  Pen- 
insula, but  limits  not  definitely  known. 

HABITAT. — Well-drained  uplands,  especially  on  clays;  oc- 
casionally on  the  borders  of  ponds  and  in  low  woods. 

NOTES. — A  new  and  comparatively  little  known  species. 
—  115  — 


Yellow  Oak.    Black  Oak 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

3.  Flowering  'branchlet,  x  J4. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  116  — 


FAGACEAE 
Yellow  Oak.    Black  Oak 

Quercus  velutina  Lam. 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  50-60  feet  high  and  1-3  feet 
in  trunk  diameter ;  slender  branches  and  stout  branchlets  form 
a  wide-spreading,  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  5-10  inches  long,  3-8  inches 
broad;  ovate  to  oblong;  usually  7-lobed,  some  with  shallow 
sinuses  and  broad,  rounded,  mucronate  lobes,  others  with  wide, 
rounded  sinuses  extending  half-way  to  the  midrib  or  farther 
and  narrow-oblong  or  triangular,  bristle-tipped  lobes,  the  lobes 
more  or  less  coarse-toothed,  each  tooth  bristle-tipped;  thick  and 
leathery;  dark  green  and  shining  abve,  pale  and  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath;  petioles  stout,  yellow,  3-6  inches  long. 

FLOWERS. — May,  when  the  leaves  are  half  grown;  monoe- 
cious; the  staminate  in  pubescent  catkins  4-6  inches  long;  the 
pistillate  reddish,  on  short,  tomentose  peduncles;  calyx  acutely 
3-4-lobed,  reddish,  hairy;  corolla  o;  stamens  usually  4-5,  with 
acute,  yellow  anthers;  stigmas  3,  divergent,  red. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  second  season;  sessile  or  short- 
stalked  acorns ;  cup  cup-shaped  or  turbinate,  inclosing  about  one- 
half  of  the  nut;  scales  thin,  light  brown,  hoary;  nut  ovoid, 
Vz-^A  inch  long,  red-brown,  often  pubescent;  kernel  yellow, 
bitter. 

W I XTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  %  inch  long,  ovoid  to 
conical,  obtuse,  strongly  angled,  hoary-tomentose. 

BARK.— Twigs  at  first  scurfy-pubescent,  later  glabrous,  red- 
brown,  finally  mottled  gray ;  thick  and  nearly  black  on  old  trunks, 
deeply  furrowed  and  scaly;  inner  bark  thick,  yellow,  very  bitter. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  bright  red- 
brown,  with  thin,  paler  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Southern  half  of  the  'Lower  Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  glacial  drift;  dry  or  gravelly  uplands; 
poor  soils. 

NOTES. — Rapid  of  growth.     Undesirable  for  street  use. 

—  117  — 


lilack  Jack 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  54. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  118  — 


FAGACEAE 
Black  Jack 

Qncrcus  marilandica  Muench. 

HABIT.— A  small,  shrubby  tree  20-30  feet  high,  with  a 
trunk  diameter  of  6-14  inches;  spreading,  often  contorted 
branches  form  a  rounded  or  obovoid  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  5-7  inches  long  and  broad; 
broad-obovate ;  more  or  less  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  entire 
or  toothed,  bristle-tipped,  very  variable  in  size  and  shape;  thick 
and  leathery;  very  lustrous  and  dark  green  above,  yellowish  and 
scurfy-pubescent  beneath ;  petioles  short,  stout. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  the  stam- 
inate  in  slender,  hoary  catkins  2-4  inches  long;  the  pistillate 
rusty-tomentose,  on  short,  rusty-tomentose  peduncles;  calyx  4-5- 
lobed,  thin,  scarious,  tinged  with  red,  pale-pubescent;  corolla  o; 
slamens  4,  with  apiculate,  red  anthers;  stigmas  recurved,  dark 
red. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  second  season;  short-stalked  acorns; 
cup  turbinate,  with  large,  red-brown,  rusty-tomentose  scales, 
inclosing  about  one-half  of  the  nut;  nut  subglobose,  about  24 
inch  long,  yellow-brown,  puberulous;  kernel  yellowish. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  Y4  inch  long,  ovoid,  acute, 
prominently  angled ;  scales  light  red-brown,  rusty-hairy. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  light  red  and  scurfy,  later  glabrous, 
red-brown,  and  finally  brown  or  ashy  gray;  thick  and  almost 
black  on  the  trunk,  divided  into  nearly  square  plates. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  dark  -brown,  with  thick, 
lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Southern  Michigan  (Ann  Arbor  and 
Lansing). 

HABITAT. — Dry,  sandy  or  clay  barrens. 

NOTES.— Rare  in  Michigan. 

—  119  — 


Shingle  Oak 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  ya. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  120  — 


FAGACEAE 
Shingle  Oak 

•         Quercus  imbricaria  Michx. 

HABIT. — A  tree  40-50  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of 
1-2  feet;  forming  a  rather  open,  rounded  crown  of  slender, 
horizontal  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  4-6  inches  long,  1-2  inches 
broad;  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate;  entire  or  somewhat 
undulate;  thin,  very  lustrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  pube- 
scent beneath;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  l/2  inch  long. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves ;  monoecious ;  the  stam- 
inate  in  slender,  hoary-tomentose  catkins  2-3  inches  long;  the 
pistillate  on  slender,  tomentose  peduncles;  calyx  4-lobed,  yellow, 
downy;  corolla  o;  stamens  4-5,  with  yellow  anthers;  stignias 
short,  recurved,  greenish  yellow. 

FRUIT. — Autumn  of  second  season;  acorns  on  stout 
peduncles  ^  inch  long;  cup  cup-shaped,  with  red-brown,  downy 
scales,  inclosing  one-third  to  one-half  of  the  nut;  nut  subglobose, 
about  l/2  inch  long,  dark  brown,  often  striate;  kernel  very  bitter. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  ^  inch  long,  ovoid,  acute, 
lustrous,  brown. 

BARK. — Twigs  lustrous,  dark  green,  becoming  brown; 
thick  on  old  trunks,  light  brown  and  slightly  fissured. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  light  red-brown,  with 
thin,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Of  rare  occurrence  in  Michigan.  Re- 
ported in  Kalamazoo,  St.  Joseph  and  Washtenaw  Counties, 
Lower  Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Rich   uplands;    fertile   river-bottoms. 

NOTES.— Desirable  for  ornamental  uses.  Hardy.  Rapid  of 
growth. 

—  121  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  ULMUS 

a.  Leaves  essentially  smooth  on  both  sides;  branches  often 
with  corky,  wing-like  ridges;  lowermost  branches  usually 
short  and  strongly  drooping;  main  trunk  usually  continuous 
into  the  crown  without  dividing,  giving  to  the  tree  a  nar- 
row-oblong outline U.  racemosa,  p.  129. 

aa.  Leaves  usually   rough  on   one   or  on  both   sides ;   branches 

4  without   corky   ridges ;    lowermost   branches   not   short,   not 

strongly  drooping;  main  trunk  usually  dividing  into  several 

large  limbs,  giving  to  the  tree  a  more  or  less  vase-shaped 

outline. 

b.  Leaves   usually    rough    above,   but   smooth   beneath,    with 
petioles  glabrous ;  bark  of  trunk  gray,  deeply  fissured  into 

broad,  scaly  ridges;  inner  bark  not  mucilaginous 

U.  aincricana.  p.  127. 

bb.  Leaves  usually  rough  both  sides,  with  petioles  hairy;  bark 
of  trunk  dark  red-brown,  shallowly  fissured  into  large, 
loose  plates;  inner  bark  mucilaginous U.  fuh'a,  p.  125. 


—  122  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  ULMUS 

a.  Buds    conspicuously    rusty-tomentose ;    twigs    more    or    less 
pubescent;  inner  bark  very  mucilaginous  when  chewed.... 

U.  fulva,  p.   125. 

aa.  Buds   not    conspicuously    rusty-tomentose ;    twigs    glabrous ; 
inner  bark  not  mucilaginous, 
b.  Bundle-scars  usually  3 ;  buds.  %  inch  long,  glabrous ;  twigs 

without  corky  ridges ;  outline  of  tree  vase-shaped 

U.  amcricana,  p.  127. 

bb.  Bundle-scars  usually  4-6  in  a  curved  line;  buds  %  inch 
long,  somewhat  pilose;  twigs  often  with  corky  ridges; 
outline  of  tree  narrow-oblong U.  raccmosa,  p.  129. 


—  123  — 


Slippery  Elm.    Bed  Eli 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  i. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  I. 

4.  Perfect  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Fruit,  x  1. 

—  124  — 


URTICACEAE 
Slippery  Elm.    Knl  Elm 

Ulmus  fulva   Michx.    [Ulmus  pubescens   Walt.] 

HABIT.— A  medium-sized  tree  40-60  feet  high,  with  a 
short  trunk  1-2  feet  in  diameter;  spreading  branches  form  a 
broad,  open,  flat-topped  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  4-7  inches  long,  about  one- 
half  as  broad;  ovate-oblong;  coarsely  doubly  serrate;  thick  and 
firm;  dark  green  and  rough  above,  paler  and  somewhat  rough 
beneath;  petioles  short,  stout,  hairy. 

FLOWERS. — March- April,  before  the  leaves;  mostly  per- 
fect ;  borne  on  short  pedicels  in  crowded  fascicles ;  calyx  cam- 
panulate,  5-g-lobed,  green,  hairy;  corolla  o;  stamens  5-9,  with 
dark  red  anthers;  stigmas  2,  reddish  purple. 

FRUIT. — May;  semi-orbicular,  i-seeded  samaras,  short- 
stalked  in  dense  clusters ;  seed  cavity  brown-tomentose ;  wings 
smooth,  nearly  Y$  inch  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  ovoid, 
obtuse,  dark  brown,  rusty-tomentose,  l/±  inch  long. 

BARK, — Twigs  at  first  bright  green  and  pubescent,  becom- 
ing light  to  dark  brown  or  grayish;  thick  on  old  trunks,  dark 
red-brown,  shallowly  fissured  into  large,  loose  plates;  inner  bark 
mucilaginous. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  durable, 
easy  to  split  while  green,  dark  red-brown,  with  thin,  lighter 
colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Of  frequent  occurrence  throughout  the 

state. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  stream-banks  and  bottom-lands;  rich, 
moist  hillsides;  rocky  ridges  and  slopes. 

NOTES.— Grows  more  rapidly  than  U.  amcricana. 
—  125  — 


White  Elm.    American  Elm.    Water  Elm 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x 

4.  Flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Fruit,  x  2. 

—  126  — 


URTICACEAE 
-  White  Elm.    American  Elm.    Water  Elm 

Ulmus  americana  L- 

HABIT. — A  tree  75-100  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of 
2-6  feet;  commonly  dividing  20-30  feet  above  the  ground  into  a 
few  large  branches  which  rise  upward  and  outward  to  form  a 
vase-shaped  outline. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  4-6  inches  long,  one-half  as 
broad ;  obovate-oblong  to  oval ;  coarsely  doubly  serrate ;  thick 
and  firm;  dark  green  and  rough  above,  pale  and  pubescent  or 
glabrous  beneath ;  petioles  short  and  stout. 

FLOWERS.— March- April,  before  the  leaves;  mostly  per- 
fect; small,  brown  to  red;  borne  on  slender  pedicels  in  loose 
fascicles;  calyx  campanulate,  5-g-lobed;  corolla  o;  stamens  4-9, 
with  bright  red  anthers;  ovary  2-celled;  styles  2,  green. 

FRUIT. — May;  ovate,  i-seeded  samaras,  smooth  both  sides, 
hairy  on  the  margin,  Vz  inch  long,  long-stemmed  in  crowded 
clusters. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  ovoid, 
acute,  flattened,  glabrous,  brown,  %  inch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  light  green  and  downy,  becoming 
glabrous,  red-brown,  finally  ash-gray;  on  old  trunks  thick,  ash- 
gray,  deeply  fissured  into  broad,  scaly  ridges. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  difficult  to  split,  coarse- 
grained, light  brown,  with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  throughout  the  state. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  deep,  rich,  moist  loam;  bottom-lands; 
stream-banks. 

NOTES.— Grows  rapidly.  Long-lived.  The  roots  run  along 
near  the  surface  of  the  ground  for  a  great  distance.  An  ideal 
street  tree. 

—  127  — 


Cork  Elm.    Rock  Elin 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  I. 

5.  Flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  128  — 


URTICACEAE 
Cork  Elm.    Rock,  Elm 

Ulmus  raccmosa  Thomas  [Ulmus  Thomasi  Sarg.] 

HABIT. — A  large  tree  sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  100 
feet  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  5  feet,  but  usually  somewhat 
smaller;  strongly  drooping  lateral  and  lower  branches  form  a 
narrow,  oblong  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-6  inches  long,  one-half  as 
broad1;  obovate  to  oblong-oval,  more  or  less  dished;  coarsely 
doubly  serrate;  thick  and  firm;  lustrous,  dark  green  above,  pale- 
pubescent  beneath ;  petioles  pubescent,  %  inch  long. 

FLOWERS.— March-April,  before  the  leaves;  mostly  per- 
fect; greenish;  borne  on  slender,  drooping  pedicels  in  loose 
racemes ;  calyx  campanulate,  7-8-lobed ;  corolla  o ;  stamens  7-8, 
with  purple  anthers;  ovary  hairy,  2-styled. 

FRUIT. — May;  ovate,  i-seeded  samaras,  pubescent  all  over, 
1A  inch  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  ovoid, 
acute,  brown,  pilose,  %  inch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  light  brown  and  pubescent,  becoming 
lustrous,  red-brown,  finally  gray-brown  with  corky,  wing-like 
ridges ;  thick  and  grayish  on  the  trunk,  with  wide  fissures  sepa- 
rating broad,  flat,  scaly  ridges. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  strong  and  tough,  close-grained,  light 
red-brown,  with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION. — Frequent  in  the  southern  third  of  the 
Lower  Peninsula. 

HABITAT. — Dry,  gravelly  uplands ;  rocky  ridges  and  slopes ; 
heavy  clay  soils;  river-banks. 

NOTES.— A  good  street  tree,  but  less  graceful  in  habit  than 
U.  americana. 

—  129  — 


Hackberry.    Nettle-tree 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  M- 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y*. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  I. 

—  130  — 


URTICACEAE 
Hackberry.    ffettle-tree 

Celtis  occidentalis  L. 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree,  40-60  feet  high,  with  a 
short,  straight  trunk  1-2  feet  in  diameter  which  branches  a  few 
feet  from  the  ground  into  a  few  large  limbs  and  many  slender, 
horizontal,  zigzag  branches,  forming  a  broad,  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  2-4  inches  long  and  one-half 
as  broad;  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  oblique  at  the  base,  usually 
long-pointed ;  coarsely  serrate  above  the  entire  base ;  thin ;  glab- 
rous, light  green  above,  paler  beneath,  turning  light  yellow  late 
in  autumn;  petioles  short,  slender,  hairy. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  or  soon  after  the  leaves ;  polygamo- 
monoecious;  greenish;  inconspicuous;  on  slender  pedicels;  the 
staminate  in  clusters  at  the  base  of  the  shoot,  the  pistillate  usually 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  calyx  greenish,  deeply 
5-lobed ;  corolla  o ;  stamens  5 ;  ovary  i-celled. 

FRUIT. — September-October,  remaining  on  the  tree  through 
the  winter;  slender-stalked,  fleshy,  globular  drupes,  Y\  inch 
long,  dark  purple ;  edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  light 
brown,  J4  mcn  long,  ovoid,  acute,  flattened,  the  tip  appressed. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish,  puberulous,  becoming  lustrous,  red- 
brown  in  their  first  winter ;  on  old  trunks  thick,  light  brown  or 
silvery  gray,  broken  into  deep,  short  ridges  or  warty  'excrescences. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  soft,  coarse-grained,  weak,  light  yellow, 
v.'ith  thick,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  throughout  the  Lower  Penin- 
sula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  rich,  moist,  well-drained  soil,  but  will 
grow  on  gravelly  or  rocky  hillsides.  Common  along  river-banks. 

NOTES. — Hardy  throughout  its  range.  Grows  slowly  and 
irregularly  in  youth.  Easily  transplanted.  Not  desirable  as  a 
street  tree,  but  appears  well  in  ornamental  grounds.  Very  toler- 
ant of  shade. 

—  131  — 


Osage  Orange 


r.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2   Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

4.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  Yz. 

7.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruit,  x  y±. 

—  132  — 


URTICACEAE 
Osage  Orange 

Madura  pomifera  (Raf.)   Schneider  [Toxylon  pomiferum  Raf.] 
[Madura  aurantiaca  Nutt.] 

HABIT. — A  tree  20-30  feet  high,  with  a  short  trunk  1-2  feet 
in  diameter ;  divides  into  a  few  large  limbs  with  curving  branches, 
forming  a  symmetrical,  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES.— Alternate,  simple,  3-5  inches  long,  2-3  inches 
broad;  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate;  entire;  thick  and  firm;  dark 
green  and  shining  above,  paler  beneath;  petioles  slender,  pube- 
scent, ilA-2  inches  long. 

FLOWERS. — June,  after  the  leaves;  dioecious;  the  stam- 
inate  slender-pedicelled,  borne  in  a  dense  raceme  at  the  end  of 
long,  slender,  drooping  peduncles ;  the  pistillate  in  dense,  globose 
heads  at  the  end  of  short,  stout  peduncles;  calyx  4-lobed,  hairy; 
corolla  o;  stamens  4;  style  covered  with  white,  stigmatic  hairs. 

FRUIT. — Autumn;  pale  green,  orange-like,  4-5  inches  in 
diameter,  composed  of  numerous  small  drupes,  crowded  and 
grown  together. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  de- 
pressed-globular, partly  hidden  in  the  bark,  pale  brown. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  bright  green,  pubescent,  becoming 
orange-brown  and  armed  with  stout,  straight,  axillary  spines; 
dark  orange-brown  on  the  trunk  and  deeply  furrowed. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  flexible,  coarse- 
grained, very  durable,  bright  orange,  with  thin,  lemon  colored 
sapwood. 

NOTES.— A  native  of  the  South,  but  hardy  throughout 
Michigan.  A  desirable  ornamental  tree.  Extensively  planted  for 
hedges. 

—  133  — 


Red  Mulberry 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Spike  of  staminate  flowers,  x  I. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Spike  of  pistillate  flowers,  x  I. 

7.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  134  — 


URTICACEAE 
Bed  Mulberry 

Morus  rubra  L. 

HABIT. — A  small  tree  20-30  feet  high,  with  a  short  trunk 
10-15  inches  in  diameter;  forming  a  dense,  round-topped  crown 
of  stout,  spreading  branches  and  more  or  less  zigzag,  slender 
branchlets. 

LEAVES.— Alternate,  simple,  3-5  inches  long,  nearly  as 
broad;  outline  variable,  ovate  to  semiorbicular,  often  3-5-lobed; 
coarsely  serrate;  thin;  dark  blue-green  and  smooth  or  rough 
above,  pale  and  more  or  less  downy  beneath ;  petioles  1-2  inches 
long,  smooth,  exuding  a  milky  juice  when  cut. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious  or 
dioecious;  the  staminate  in  dense  spikes  1-2  inches  long,  on  short, 
hairy  peduncles;  the  pistillate  in  dense  spikes  about  i  inch  long, 
on  short,  hairy  peduncles ;  calyx  4-lobed,  hairy ;  corolla  o  ; 
stamens  4,  with  green  anthers;  stigmas  2,  spreading. 

FRUIT. — July;  I  inch  long;  consisting  of  drupes  about 
Hy  inch  long,  each  inclosed  in  a  thickened,  fleshy  calyx;  berry- 
like;  bright  red  at  first,  finally  blackish;  sweet,  juicy,  edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  ovoid, 
abruptly  pointed,  ^4  mcn  long,  lustrous,  light  brown. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish  and  more  or  less  downy,  becoming 
smooth  and  brownish;  trunk  dark  brown  tinged  with  red  and 
more  or  less  furrowed. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  rather  tough,  coarse-grained, 
very  durable,  pale  orange,  with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Southern  portion  of  the  Lower  Penin- 
sula, as  far  north  as  the  Muskegon  river. 

HABITAT.— Prefers   rich   soil   in   river-bottoms. 

NOTES. — Easily  transplanted.  Grows  rapidly  in  good,  moist 
soil. 

—  135  — 


Tulip  Poplar.    Tulip-tree.    White-wood 


I    Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  }/2. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  }/2. 

4.  Fruit  (opened  and  partly  disseminated),  x  }/2. 

—  136  — 


MAGNOLIACEAE 
Tulip  Poplar.    Tnlip-tree.    White-wood 

Liriodendron  tulipifera  L. 

HABIT. — A  large  tree  70-100  feet  high,  with  a  columnar 
trunk  2-5  feet  in  diameter;  forming  a  rather  open,  conical  crown 
of  slender  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  5-6  inches  long  and  broad; 
4-lobed;  entire;  lustrous,  dark  green  above,  pale  or  glaucous  be- 
neath, turning  clear  yellow  in  autumn;  petioles  slender,  angled, 
5-6  inches  long. 

FLOWERS.— May-June,  after  the  leaves;  perfect;  terminal; 
solitary  on  stout  peduncles;  tulip-shaped,  greenish  yellow,  1^-2 
inches  long;  sepals  3,  greenish,  early  deciduous;  petals  6,  in  2 
rows,  greenish  yellow  with  an  orange  spot  at  the  base,  early 
deciduous ;  stamens  numerous,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  petals ; 
pistils  numerous,  clinging  together  about  a  central  axis;  ovary 
i-celled. 

FRUIT. — September-October;  a  narrow,  light  brown  cone 
2^/2-3  inches  long,  composed  of  numerous  carpels;  carpels  long, 
flat,  with  a  i-2-seed'ed  nutlet  at  the  base,  separating  from  the 
slender  spindle  at  maturity. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  y2-i  inch  long,  obtuse, 
flattish,  dark  red,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 

BARK. — Twigs  smooth,  lustrous,  reddish,  becoming  brown- 
ish, and  at  length  gray;  ashy  gray,  thin  and  scaly  on  young 
trunks,  becoming  thick,  brownish,  and  deeply  furrowed  with  age. 

WOOD.— Light,  soft,  brittle,  weak,  easily  worked,  light 
yellow  or  brown,  with  thin,  cream-white  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Lower  Peninsula  south  of  the  Grand 
River.  Formerly  common,  but  becoming  rare. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  deep,  rich,  rather  moist  soil,  but  adapts 
itself  readily  to  any  good,  light  soil. 

NOTES. — Difficult  to  transplant,  but  rapid  of  growth  when 
once  established.  Not  disfigured  by  insect  enemies.  Good  for 
ornamental  planting. 

—  137  — 


Sassafras 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaves,  x  J4- 

4.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  y>. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

7.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruit,  x  Y2. 

—  138  — 


LAURACEAE 
Sassafras 

Sassafras  variifolium  (Salisb.)  Ktze.  [Sassafras  sassafras  (£.) 
Karst.]     [Sassafras  officinale  Nees  &  Eberm.} 

HABIT.— Usually  a  large  shrub,  but  often  a  small  tree  20-40 
feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  10-20  inches;  stout,  often 
contorted  branches  and  a  'bushy  spray  form  a  flat,  rather  open 
crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-6  inches  long,  2-4  inches 
broad;  oval  to  oblong  or  obovate;  entire  or  i-3-lobed  with  deep, 
broad  sinuses  and  finger-like  lobes;  thin;  dull  dark  green  above, 
paler  beneath;  petioles  slender,  about  i  inch  long. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  dioecious;  greenish  yel- 
low; on  slender  pedicels,  in  loose,  drooping,  few-flowered  race- 
mes 2  inches  long ;  calyx  deeply  6-lobed,  yellow-green ;  corolla  o ; 
stamens  of  staminate  flower  9,  in  3  rows,  of  pistillate  flower  6,  in 
i  row;  ovary  i-celled. 

FRUIT. — September-October;  an  oblong-globose,  lustrous, 
dark  blue  berry,  ty&  inch  long,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the 
scarlet  calyx,  borne  on  club-shaped,  bright  red  pedicels. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  buds  Y3  inch  long,  ovoid, 
acute,  greenish,  soft-pubescent,  flower-bearing;  lateral  buds  much 
smaller,  sterile  or  leaf-bearing.  Aromatic. 

BARK. — Twigs  glabrous,  lustrous,  yellow-green,  spicy- 
aromatic,  becoming  red-brown  and  shallowly  fissured  when  2-3 
years  old;  thick,  dark  red-brown  and  deeply  and  irregularly  fis- 
sured into  firm,  flat  ridges  on  old  trunks. 

WOOD. — Soft,  weak,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  very  durable  in 
the  soil,  aromatic,  dull  orange-brown,  with  thin,  light  yellow 
sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION. — Southern  portion  of  Lower  Peninsula 
as  far  north  as  Grayling. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  well-drained,  stony  or  sandy  soil; 
woods ;  abandoned  fields ;  peaty  swamps. 

NOTES.— Rapid   of  growth.     Suckers    freely.     Difficult  to 
transplant.     Propagated  easily  from  seed. 
—  139  — 


Sycamore.     Button-wood.     Buttonball-tree 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  side  view,  x  i. 

3.  Vertical  section  of  twig,  summer 

bud  and  leaf  petiole,  enlarged 

4.  Leaf,  x  $i. 

5.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

6.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 
/.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged 

8.  Fruit,  x  ^. 

9.  Achene,  enlarged. 

—  140  — 


PLATANACEAE 
Sycamore.     Button-wood.     Buttonball-tree 

Platanus  occidentalis  L. 

HABIT. — A  large  tree  70-100  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  3-8  feet;  commonly  dividing  near  the  ground  into  several 
large  secondary  trunks,  forming  a  broad,  open,  irregular  crown 
of  massive,  spreading  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  5-10  inches  long  and  broad; 
broadly  ovate  in  outline;  more  or  less  3-S-lobed  by  broad,  shal- 
low sinuses,  the  lobes  sinuate-toothed;  thin  and  firm;  bright 
green  above,  paler  beneath,  glabrous  both  sides ;  petioles  stout, 
puberulous,  1-2  inches  long. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  borne  in 
dense  heads ;  the  staminate  dark  red,  on  short,  axillary  peduncles ; 
the  pistillate  greenish,  on  long,  slender,  terminal  peduncles ; 
sepals  3-6,  minute;  petals  3-6,  minute;  stamens  3-6,  usually  4; 
styles  long,  incurved,  red. 

FRUIT. — October,  persistent  on  the  limbs  through  the 
winter;  brown  heads  about  I  inch  in  diameter,  on  slender,  glab- 
rous stems  3-6  inches  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  *A-$i 
inch  long,  conical,  blunt,  lustrous,  pale  brown ;  forming  in  sum- 
mer within  the  petiole  of  the  leaf. 

BARK. — Twigs  pale  green  and  tomentose,  becoming  smooth, 
dark  green,  finally  grayish ;  thick,  red-brown  on  the  trunk  and 
broken  into  oblong,  plate-like  scales,  separating  higher  up  into 
thin  plates  which  peel  off,  exposing  the  greenish  or  yellowish 
inner  bark. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  tough,  hard,  rather  weak,  coarse-grained, 
difficult  to  split,  light  red-brown,  with  thick,  darker  colored  sap- 
wood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Lower  Peninsula  as  far  north  as  Ros- 
common  County. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  rich  bottom-lands  along  the  borders  of 
rivers  and  lakes. 

NOTES. — Rapid  of  growth.  Bears  transplanting  well. 
Often  planted  as  a  shade  tree.  Fungous  diseases  disfigure  it 
seriously. 

—  141  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  PYRUS 

a.  Leaves  simple;  fruit  a  light  green  pome  an  inch  or  more  in 
diameter;  branches  contorted,  bearing  many  short,  spur- 
like  branchlets P.  coronaria,  p.  145. 

aa.  Leaves  compound;  fruit  berry-like,  Y^  inch  in  diameter, 
bright  red ;  branches  not  contorted,  not  bearing  many  short, 
spur-like  branchlets P.  americana,  p.  147. 


—  142  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  PYRUS 

a.  Bundle-scars  3  or  in  3  compound,  but  distinct  groups;  buds 
J4-J4  inch  long;  branches  contorted,  bearing  many  short, 
spur-like  branchlets ;  fruit  a  pome  an  inch  or  more  in 
diameter,  light  green P.  coronaria,  p.  145. 

aa.  Bundle-scars  4-many  in  a  single  U-shaped  line,  not  forming 
3  distinct  groups;  buds  about  l/z  inch  long;  branches  not 
contorted,  not  bearing  many  short,  spur-like  branchlets ;  fruit 

berry-like,  *4  inch  in  diameter,  bright  red 

P.  amcricana,  p.  147. 


—  143  — 


Sweet  Crab.    American  Crab 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  y4. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  flower 

with  petals  removed,  x  J 

6.  Fruit,. x  J4. 

—  144  — 


ROSACEAE 
Sweet  Crab.    American  Crab 

Pyrus  coronana  L-  [Mains  coronaria  Mill.] 

HABIT. — Often  a  bushy  shrub,  but  frequently  a  small  tree 
15-25  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  8-12  inches  in  diameter;  forming 
a  broad,  rounded  crown  of  rigid,  contorted  branches  bearing 
many  short,  spur-like  branchlets. 

REAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-4  inches  long,  almost  as 
broad;  ovate  to  nearly  triangular;  sharply  and  deeply  serrate, 
sometimes  lobed;  membranaceous ;  bright  green  above,  paler  be- 
neath, glabrous  both  sides;  petioles  long,  slender,  often  with  two 
dark  glands  near  the  middle. 

FLOWERS.— May,  after  the  leaves;  perfect;  1^-2  inches 
across;  very  fragrant;  borne  on  slender  pedicels  in  5-6-flowered 
umbels;  calyx  urn-shaped/  5-lobed,  tomentose;  petals  5,  rose 
colored  to  white;  stamens  10-20;  ovary  hairy;  styles  5. 

FRUIT. — October;  a  depressed-globose  pome,  i-il/2  inches 
in  diameter,  pale  green,  very  fragrant,  with  a  waxy  surface. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  Y^Y4  inch  long,  obtuse, 
bright  red;  lateral  buds  smaller. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  hoary-tomentose,  becoming  glabrous, 
red-brown;  thin,  red-brown,  breaking  into  longitudinal  fissures 
on  the  trunk. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  rather  soft,  close-grained,  weak,  red- 
brown,  with  thick,  yellow  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Southern  portion  of  the  Lower  Pen- 
insula as  far  north  as  Roscommon  County. 

HABITAT. — Rich,  moist,  ibut  well-drained  soil  in  thickets 
and  along  streams. 

NOTES.— An  excellent  ornamental  tree  or  shrub  for  small 
gardens  and  shrubberies.  The  fruit  is  sometimes  gathered  for 
making  preserves. 

—  145  — 


Mountain  Ash 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 
3-  Leaf,  x  Y3. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Portion  of  a  fruiting  cyme,  x  i. 

—  146  — 


ROSACEAE 
Mountain  Ash 

Pyrus  americana  (Marsh.)  DC.  [Sorbus  americana  Marsh.] 

HABIT. — A  small  tree  15-20  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  not  over  a  foot;  branches  slender,  spreading,  forming  a  nar- 
row, rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  compound,  6-9  inches  long.  Leaflets 
9-17,  2-3  inches  long  and  T/2-3A  inch  broad;  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
except  the  terminal;  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed;  finely  and  sharply  serrate  above  the  entire  base;  mem- 
branaceous;  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  above,  paler  beneath, 
turning  clear  yellow  in  autumn.  Petioles  slender,  grooved,  en- 
larged at  the  base. 

FLOWERS. — May-June,  after  the  leaves;  perfect;  l/%  inch 
across;  borne  on  short,  stout  pedicels  in  many-flowered,  flat 
cymes  3-5  inches  across;  calyx  urn-shaped,  5-lobed,  puberulous; 
petals  5,  white;  stamens  numerous;  styles  2-3. 

FRUIT. — October,  but  persistent  on  the  tree  throughout  the 
winter;  a  berry-like  pome,  subglobose,  %  inch  in  diameter,  bright 
red,  with  thin,  acid  flesh;  eaten  by  birds  in  the  absence  of  other 
food. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  about  V2  inch  long,  ovoid, 
acute,  with  curved  apex ;  lateral  buds  smaller,  appressed ;  scales 
rounded  on  the  back,  purplish  red,  more  or  less  pilose  above, 
gummy. 

BARK.  —  Twigs  at  first  red-brown  and  hairy,  becoming 
glabrous,  dark  brown;  thin,  light  gray-brown  on  the  trunk, 
smooth,  or  slightly  roughened  on  .old  trees ;  inner  bark  fragrant. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  close-grained,  weak,  pale  brown,  with 
thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Ludington  and  northward,  principally 
along  the  shore  of  L.  Michigan,  but  common  throughout  the 
Upper  Peninsula. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  rich,  moist  soil  on  river  banks  and  on 
the  borders  of  cold  swamps;  rocky  hillsides  and  mountains. 

NOTES. — More  often  a  shrub.  Easily  transplanted,  but 
slow  of  growth.  One  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  of  our  northern 
forests. 

—  147  — 


Serviceberry 


r.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Flowering  foranchlet,  x  y2. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  y2. 


—  148  — 


ROSACEAE 
SerYiceberry 

Amclanchicr  canadensis   (£.)   Medic. 

HABIT.— A  small  tree  25-40  feet  in  height,  with  a  tall  trunk 
6-12  inches  in  diameter;  forming  a  narrow,  rounded  crown  of 
many  small  limbs  and  slender  branchlets. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-4  inches  long  and  about  one- 
half  as  broad;  ovate  to  obovate;  finely  and  sharply  serrate; 
glabrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath;  petioles  slender, 
about  I  inch  long. 

FLOWERS.— April,  when  the  leaves  are  about  one-third 
grown;  perfect;  large,  white,  borne  in  drooping  racemes  3-5 
inches  long;  calyx  S-cleft,  campanulate,  villous  on  the  inner  sur- 
face; petals  5,  strap-shaped,  white,  a'bout  i  inch  in  length;  stam- 
ens numerous;  styles  5,  united  below. 

FRUIT. — June-August;  globular,  berry-like  pome,  l/z-l/2 
inch  long;  turning  from  bright  red  to  dark  purple  with  slight 
bloom;  sweet  and  edible  when  ripe. 

WINTER-BUDS. — Yellow-brown,  narrow-ovoid  to  conical, 
sharp-pointed,  l/4~l/2  inch  long;  bud-scales  apiculate,  slightly 
pubescent. 

BARK. — Twigs  smooth,  light  green,  becoming  red-brown; 
thin,  pale  red-brown  on  the  trunk,  smoothish  or  divided  by  shal- 
low fissures  into  narrow,  longitudinal,  scaly  ridges. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark  red- 
brown,  with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  throughout  the  state. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  rich  soil  of  dry,  upland  woods  and 
hillsides.  • 

NOTES.— Hardy  throughout  the  state.     Grows  in  all  soils 
and  situations  except  in  wet  lands. 
—  149  — 


Dotted  Haw 

Crataegus  ptinctata  Jacq. 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  i. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  150  — 


ROSACEAE 
The  Haws,  Thorns,  Hawthorns  or  Thorn-apples 

Crataegus  L. 

Owing  to  the  complexity  of  the  various  forms  in  this  group, 
the  present  state  of  uncertainty  as  to  the  value  of  certain  char- 
acters, and  the  questionable  validity  of  many  of  the  assigned 
names,  it  is  thought  to  be  beyond  the  scope  of  this  bulletin  to  give 
more  than  a  general  description  of  the  group  as  a  whole,  recom- 
mending the  more  ambitious  student  to  the  various  manuals  and 
botanical  journals  and  papers  for  more  detailed  information. 

The  Crataegi  are  generally  low,  wide-spreading  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  strong,  tortuous  branches  and  more  or  less  zigzag 
branchlets  usually  armed  with  stiff,  sharp  thorns.  The  bark 
varies  from  dark  red  to  gray  and  is  shallowly  fissured  or  scaly. 
The  leaves  are  alternate,  simple,  generally  serrate,  often  lobed, 
with  short  or  long  petioles.  The  flowers  appear  in  May  or  June, 
with  or  after  the  leaves,  in  simple  or  compound  corymbs,  whitish 
or  pinkish,  perfect.  The  fruit  is  a  red  to  yellow,  sometimes  blue 
or  black  pome,  subglobose  to  pear-shaped,  with  usually  dry  and 
mealy  flesh  and  1-5  seeds.  The  winter-buds  are  small,  nearly 
globose,  lustrous  brown.  Crataegus  produces  wood  which  is 
heavy,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  red-brown,  with  thick,  pale 
sapwood.  The  Haws  are  trees  of  the  pasture-lands,  the  road- 
side, the  open  woods  and  the  stream-banks,  and  are  more  com- 
mon in  the  southern  than  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  state. 
Some  of  the  species  are  desirable  as  ornaments  in  parks  and 
gardens  on  account  of  their  beautiful  and  abundant  flowers  and 
showy  fruits. 


—  151  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  PRUNUS 

a.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at  the 
apex ;  marginal  teeth  not  incurved. 

b.  Margin  of  leaves  sharp-serrate  with  spreading  teeth; 
leaves  not  rugose,  the  veins  not  prominent;  fruit  1A~1A 
inch  long,  bright  red,  racemose,  July- August;  bark  of 
trunk  brown,  smooth  or  only  slightly  fissured;  usually  a 

large  shrub P.  virginiana,  p.  157. 

hi).  Margin  of  leaves  crenate-serrate ;  leaves  more  or  less 
rugose,  the  veins  prominent ;  fruit  about  I  •  inch  long, 
orange-red,  clustered,  August-September;  bark  of  trunk 
gray-brown,  early  splitting  off  in  large,  thick  plates; 

a  small  tree P.  nlgra,  p.  161. 

aa.  Leaves  oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  at  the  apex; 
marginal  teeth  incurved. 

b.  Fruit  light  red,  clustered,  July- August;  twigs  usually  less 
than  ^c  inch?  thick;  pith  of  twigs  brown;  tree  northern 

P.  pennsylvanica,  p.  159. 

bb.  Fruit  black,  racemose,  August-September;  twigs  usually 
more  than  1/io  inch  thick;  pith  of  twigs  white;  tree 
southern P.  serotina,  p.  155. 


—  152  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  PRUNUS 

a.  Terminal  bud  present;  bark  of  young  trunks  rather  smooth, 
b.  Buds  clustered  at  the  tips  of  all  shoots;  twigs  usually  less 

than  He  inch  thick ;  pith  of  twigs  brown 

P.  pennsylvanica,  p.  i  SO. 

bb.  Buds  not  clustered,  or  clustered  only  on  short,  spur-like 
branchlets ;  twigs  usually  more  than  ^/ic  inch  thick ;  pith 
of  twigs  white. 

c.  Buds  usually  Y$  mcn  or  IGSS  m  length ;  bud-scales  uni- 
form in  color,  apiculate  at  the  apex ;  bark  on  old  trunks 

blackish,  rough-scaly ;  small  to  large  tree 

P.  serotina,  p.  155. 

cc.  Buds  usually  l/4-l/2  inch  long;  bud-scales  grayish  on  the 
margins,  rounded  at  the  apex ;  bark  on  old  trunks  brown, 
smooth  or  only  slightly  fissured ;  usually  a  large  shrub 

P.   virginiana,   p.    157. 

an.  Terminal  bud  absent;  bark  of  young  trunks  early  splitting 
off  in  large,  thick  plates P.  nigra,  p.  161. 


—  153  — 


Black  Cherry 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  %. 

4.  Margin  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

5.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  Y2. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

—  154  — 


ROSACEAE 
Black  Cherry 

Prunus  serotina  Ehrh.    [Padus  serotina    (Bhrh.)    Agardh.] 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  40-50  feet  high  and  8-36 
inches  in  trunk  diameter;  branches  few,  large,  tortuous,  forming 
a  rather  spreading  oblong  or  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  2-5  inches  long,  about  one- 
half  as  broad;  oval  or  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate;  finely  serrate, 
with  teeth  incurved ;  subcoriaceous ;  dark  green  and  very  lustrous 
above,  paler  beneath,  glabrous  both  sides;  petioles  short,  slender, 
usually  bearing  2  red  glands  near  the  blade. 

FLOWERS. — May-June,  when  the  leaves  are  half  grown; 
perfect;  %  inch  across;  borne  on  slender  pedicels  in  many- 
flowered,  loose  racemes  4-5  inches  long;  calyx  cup-shaped,  5- 
lobed;  petals  5,  white;  stamens  15-20;  stigma  thick,  club-shaped. 

FRUIT. — August-September ;  a  globular  drupe,  ,r/j-/^  inch 
in  diameter,  nearly  black,  with  dark  purple,  juicy  flesh;  slightly 
bitter,  edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  about  #  inch  long,  ovoid, 
blunt  to  acute;  scales  keeled  on  the  back,  apiculate,  light  brown. 

BARK. — Twigs  and  branches  red  to  red-brown;  young 
trunks  dark  red-brown,  smooth;  blackish  on  old  trunks  and 
rough,  broken  into  thick,  irregular  plates;  bitter,  aromatic. 

WOOD.— Light,  rather  hard,  strong,  close-  and  straight- 
grained,  light  brown  or  red,  with  thin,  yellow  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Frequent  in  the  southern  half  of  the 
Lower  Peninsula,  rare  in  the  northern  half  and  the  Upper 
Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  a  rich,  moist  soil,  but  grows  well  on 
dry,  gravelly  or  sandy  soils. 

NOTES. — Grows  very  rapidly  in  youth. 
—  155  — 


Choke  Cherry 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf.^x  i. 

4.  Margin  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

5.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  flower,  enlarged. 
/.  Fruit,  x  l/2. 

—  156  — 


ROSACEAE 
Choke  Cherry 

Primus  vlrginiana   L.    [Padus   virginiana    (L.}    Roemer] 

HABIT. — Usually  a  large  shrub,  but  sometimes  a  small  tree 
15-25  feet  high,  with  a  crooked,  often  leaning  trunk  5-6  inches 
in  diameter;  forming  a  spreading,  somewhat  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  2-4  inches  long,  one-half  as 
broad ;  obovate  to  o'blong-obovate  or  oval,  abruptly  acuminate  at 
the  apex ;  finely  and  sharply  serrate ;  dull  dark  green  above,  paler 
beneath,  glabrous  both  sides;  petioles  short,  slender,  glandular  at 
the  apex. 

FLOWERS. — May,  when  the  leaves  are  half  grown;  perfect; 
about  l/2  inch  across;  borne  on  short,  slender  pedicels  in  many- 
flowered  racemes  3-6  inches  long;  calyx  cup-shaped,  5-lobed; 
petals  5,  white;  stamens  15-20;  stigma  broad,  on  a  short  style. 

FRUIT.— July-August ;  a  globular  drupe,  Y^-Y?  inch  in  diam- 
eter, usually  bright  red,  often  yellow  to  almost  black,  with  dark 
red  flesh ;  astringent,  but  edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  Y^A  inch  long,  conical, 
acute;  scales  rounded  at  the  apex,  light  brown,  smooth. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  light  brown  or  greenish,  becoming 
red-brown,  finally  dark  brown;  thin,  dark  brown  on  the  trunk, 
slightly  fissured. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  weak,  light  brown,  with 
thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  throughout  the  entire  state. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  a  deep,  rich,  moist  loam,  but  is  com- 
mon on  less  favorable  sites. 

NOTES.— The  most  widely  distributed  .tree  of  North  Amer- 
ica, extending  from  the  arctic  circle  to  Mexico,  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

—  157  — 


Wild  Red  Cherry.    Pin  Cherry 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Margin  of  leaf,  enlarged. 

5.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y*. 

6.  Flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  158  — 


ROSACEAE 
Wild  Red  Cherry.    Pin  Cherry 

Prunus  pennsylvanica  L.  f. 

HABIT.— A  slender  tree,  seldom  over  30  feet  high,  with  a 
trunk  diameter  of  8-10  inches;  crown  rather  open,  narrow, 
rounded,  with  slender,  regular  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-5  inches  long,  ^-i^4  inches 
broad ;  oblong-lanceolate ;  finely  and  sharply  serrate ;  bright  green 
and  shining  above,  paler  beneath;  petioles  slender,  l/2-i  inch 
long,  glandular  near  the  blade. 

FLOWERS. — May-June,  with  the  leaves;  perfect;  about  Y2 
inch  across,  borne  on  slender  pedicels  in  4-5-flowered  umbels, 
generally  clustered,  2-3  .together;  calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate; 
petals  5,  white,  J4  inch  long;  stamens  15-20. 

FRUIT. — July- August;  a  globular  drupe,  Y$  inch  in  diam- 
eter, light  red,  with  thick  skin  and  sour  flesh. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  *£  inch  long,  broadly 
ovoid,  rather  blunt,  brownish,  smooth. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  lustrous,  red,  marked  by  orange  col- 
ored lenticels,  becoming  brownish ;  red-brown  and  thin  on  the 
trunk,  peeling  off  horizontally  into  broad,  papery  plates;  bitter, 
aromatic. 

WOOD.— Light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thin, 
yellow  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout  the  northern  portion  of  the 
state,  extending  southward  to  Ionia  County. 

HABITAT. — Abundant  on  sand-lands ;  roadsides ;  burned- 
over  lands ;  clearings ;  hillsides. 

NOTES.— Rapid  of  growth.     Short-lived. 
—  159  — 


Canada  Plum.    Red  Plui 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  J4. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  J/2. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  flower, 

6.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

—  160  — 


ROSACEAE 
Canada  Plum.    Red  Plum 

Prunus  nigra  Ait.   [Prunus  americana,  v.  nigra  Waugh] 

HABIT. — A  small  tree  20-25  feet  high  and  5-8  inches  in 
trunk  diameter;  usually  divides  5-6  feet  from  the  ground  into  a 
num'ber  of  stout,  upright  branches,  forming  a  narrow,  rigid 
crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-5  inches  long  and  one-half 
as  broad ;  oblong-ovate  to  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at  the 
apex;  doubly  crenate-serrate ;  thick  and  firm;  glabrous,  light 
green  above,  paler  beneath;  petioles  short,  stout,  bearing  2  large 
red  glands  near  the  blade. 

FLOWERS.— May,  before  the  leaves ;  perfect ;  slightly  frag- 
rant ;  about  i  inch  across ;  borne  on  slender,  glabrous,  red 
pedicels  in  2-3-flowered  umbels;  calyx  5-lobed,  dark  red;  petals 
5,  white;  stamens  15-20,  with  purple  anthers;  ovary  i-celled; 
style  I ;  stigma  i. 

FRUIT. — August-September;  a  fleshy  drupe,  about  I  inch 
long,  oblong-ovoid,  with  a  tough,  thick,  orange-red  skin  nearly 
free  from  bloom,  and  yellow  flesh  adherent  to  the  flat  stone. 
Eaten  raw  or  cooked. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  ^-K 
inch  long,  ovate,  acute,  chestnut-brown. 

BARK.— Twigs  green,  marked  by  numerous  pale  excrescen- 
ces, later  dark  brown;  thin,  gray-brown  and  smooth  on  young 
trunks,  but  soon  splitting  off  in  large,  thick  plates,  exposing  the 
darker  inner  bark. 

WOOD.  — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  red- 
brown,  with  thin,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Upper  Peninsula  and  the  Lower  Pen- 
insula north  of  Lansing. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  rich,  alluvial  soil  along  streams. 

NOTES. — Suckers  freely,  forming  low,  broad  thickets. 
—  161  — 


Coffeetree.    Kentucky  Coffeetroc 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  Y4. 

3.  Leaflet,  x  y2. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 
5-  Vertical  section  of  pistillate  flower,  enlarged 
6.  Fruit,  x  M- 

—  162  — 


LEGUMINOSAE 
Coffeetree.    Kentucky  Coffeetree 

Gymnocladus  dioica   (L.)   Koch   [Gymnocladus  canadensis 
Lam.] 

HABIT.— A  slender  tree  50-75  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  2-3  feet;  divides  near  the  ground  into  several  stems  which 
spread  slightly  to  form  a  narrow,  pyramidal  crown;  branchlets 
stout,  clumsy,  blunt,  with  conspicuous  leaf-scars. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  bipinnately  compound,  1-3  feet  long. 
Leaflets  40  or  more,  2-2^2  inches  long  and  one-half  as  broad; 
short-stalked;  ovate,  acute;  entire;  thin  and  firm;  dark  green 
above,  pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  beneath.  Petioles  stout, 
terete,  glabrous. '  Appear  late  in  spring. 

FLOWERS. — June,  after  the  leaves;  dioecious;  greenish 
white;  the  staminate  short-stalked,  in  racemose  corymbs  3-4 
inches  long ;  the  pistillate  long-stalked,  in  racemes  10-12  inches 
long;  calyx  tubular,  hairy;  petals  5,  keeled,  nearly  white;  stamens 
10 ;  ovary  hairy. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  autumn,  but  remains  closed  until  late  in 
winter;  short-stalked,  red-brown  legumes  6-10  inches  long,  1^2-2 
inches  wide,  containing  6-9  large,  flat  seeds. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  min- 
ute, depressed,  2  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf,  bronze-brown,  silky- 
pubescent. 

BARK. — Twigs  coated  with  short,  dense,  reddish  pubescence, 
becoming  light  brown;  thick,  deeply  fissured  and  scaly  on  the 
trunk,  dark  gray. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  somewhat  soft,  strong,  coarse-grained, 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  light  red-brown,  with  thin, 
lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Southern  Michigan  as  far  north  as  the 
Grand  River.  Infrequent. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  bottom-lands  and  rich  soil. 

NOTES. — The  seeds  in  early  days  were  used  as  a  substitute 
for  coffee. 

—  163  — 


Honey  Locust.    Three-thorned  Acacia 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Vertical  section  through  lateral  buds,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  Y4. 

4.  Leaflet,  x  i. 

5.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  J^. 

6.  'Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlct,  x  Y*. 

8.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

9.  -Fruit,  x  Y3. 

10.  Spine  from  trunk,  x  J4. 
—  164  — 


LEGUMINOSAE 
Honey  Locust.    Three-thorned  Acacia 

Gleditsia  triacanthos  L. 

HABIT.— A  tree  usually  50-75  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  2-3  feet;  dividing  near  the  ground  into  several  large, 
upright  branches  which  divide  again  into  long,  slender,  horizontal 
branchlets ;  both  trunk  and  large  branches  armed  with  stout, 
rigid,  simple  or  branched  spines. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  pinnately  or  bipinnately  compound, 
7-12  inches  long.  Leaflets  18  or  more,  ?4-l^2  inches  long,  one- 
third  as  broad;  lanceolate-oblong;  remotely  crenulate-serrate ; 
thin;  lustrous,  dark  green  above,  dull  yellow-green  beneath. 
Petioles  and  rachises  pubescent. 

FLOWERS. — May-June,  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  full 
grown ;  polygamo-dioecious ;  the  staminate  in  short,  many- 
flowered,  pubescent  racemes ;  the  pistillate  in  slender,  few- 
flowered  racemes;  on  shoots  of  the  preceding  season;  calyx 
campanulate,  hairy,  3-5-lobed;  petals  3-5,  greenish;  stamens  3-10; 
ovary  i-celled,  woolly. 

FRUIT. — Autumn,  falling  in  early  winter;  flat,  pendent, 
twisted,  brown  legumes,  12-18  inches  long,  short-stalked  in  short 
racemes;  seeds  12-14,  oval,  flattened. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  min- 
ute, 3  or  more  superposed,  glabrous,  brownish. 

BARK. — Twigs  lustrous,  red-brown,  becoming  gray-brown; 
thick  on  the  trunk,  iron-gray  to  blackish  and  deeply  fissured  into 
long,  narrow  ridges  roughened  by  small  scales. 

WOOD. — Hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  durable  in  contact 
with  the  ground,  red-brown,  with  thin,  pale  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Indigenous  to  the  extreme  southern  por- 
tion of  the  state,  but  is  planted  as  far  north  as  Bay  City. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  deep,  rich  loam,  but  grows  on  a 
variety  of  soils. 

NOTES. — Grows  rapidly  and  is  long-lived  and  free  from 
disease.  Easily  transplanted.  The  leaves  appear  late  in  spring 
and  fall  early  in  autumn.  The  stiff  spines  and  long  pods  which 
litter  the  ground  make  the  tree  unsuitable  for  street  or  orna- 
mental use. 

—  165  — 


Red  bud.    Jndas-tree 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  front  view,  enlarged. 

3.  Portion  of  twig,  side  view,  enlarged. 

4.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

5.  Flowering  branchlct,  x  i. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  y2. 

—  166  — 


LEGUMINOSAE 
Redbud.    Judas-tree 

Cercis  canadensis  L- 

HABIT. — A  small  tree  20-30  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  10-15  inches;  divided  near  the  ground  into  stout,  straggling 
branches  to  form  a  broad,  flat  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  3-5  inches  long  and  broad; 
heart-shaped  or  rounded;  entire;  thick;  glabrous,  dark  green 
above,  paler  beneath,  turning  bright  yellow  in  autumn;  petioles 
slender,  terete,  enlarged  at  the  base. 

FLOWERS.— April-May,  before  or  with  the  leaves;  perfect; 
Vz  inch  long;  borne  on  short,  jointed  pedicels  in  fascicles  of  4-8; 
calyx  campanulate,  .s-toothed,  dark  red;  petals  5,  rose  color; 
stamens  10,  in  2  rows. 

FRUIT. — June-July,  remaining  on  the  tree  until  'early 
winter;  a  short-stalked  legume  2^/2-3  inches  long,  pointed  at  both 
ends,  rose  color;  seeds  10-12,  brownish,  J4  incn  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  % 
inch  long,  obtuse,  somewhat  flattened  and  appressed,  brownish. 

BARK. — Twigs  lustrous,  brown,  becoming  dark  or  grayish 
brown;  red-brown,  deeply  fissured,  with  a  scaly  surface  on  old 
trunks. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  weak,  dark  red- 
brown,  with  thin,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Valleys  of  the  Grand  and  Raisin  Rivers 
and  southward. 

'HABITAT.— Prefers  the  borders  of  streams  and  rich  bot- 
tom-lands, often  in  the  shade  of  other  trees. 

NOTES. — A  rapid  grower.  Hardy  within  its  range.  Can  be 
transplanted  with  success  only  when  very  young.  Plants  begin  to 
produce  flowers  freely  when  4-5  years  old.  Much  used  in  land- 
scape gardening. 

—  167  — 


Locust    Black  Locust 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Vertical  section  through  lateral  buds,  enlarged. 
3-  Leaf,  x  ft. 

4.  Raceme  of  flowers,  x  l/2. 

5.  Flower,  with  part  of  corolla  removed,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  l/2. 

—  168  — 


LEGUMINOSAE 
Locust.    Black  Locust 

Robinia  pseudo-acacia  L- 

HABIT. — A  tree  50-75  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of 
2-3  feet;  forming  a  narrow,  oblong  crown  of  irregular,  more  or 
less  contorted  branches. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  compound,  8-14  inches  long.  Leaflets 
7-21,  short-petiolate,  1-2  inches  long,  about  one-half  as  broad; 
ovate  to  oblong-oval;  entire;  very  thin;  dull  dark  green  above, 
paler  beneath,  glabrous  both  sides.  Petieles  slender,  pubescent. 

FLOWERS. — May- June,  after  the  leaves;  perfect;  showy 
and  abundant;  very  fragrant;  borne  on  slender  pedicels  in  loose, 
drooping  racemes  4-5  inches  long ;  about  i  inch  long ;  calyx  short, 
bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  hairy;  corolla  papilionaceous,  white,  5- 
petaled;  stamens  10. 

FRUIT. — Late  autumn,  but  persistent  on  the  tree  through 
the  winter;  a  smooth,  dark  brown,  flat  pod  3-4  inches  long,  con- 
taining 4-8  small,  flattish,  brown  seeds. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  min- 
ute, 3-4  superposed,  partially  sunken  within  the  leaf-scar,  rusty- 
hairy. 

BARK. — Twigs  smooth,  green,  more  or  less  rough-dotted 
at  first,  becoming  red-brown  and  armed  with  prickles;  dark 
red-brown  and  thick  on  old  trunks,  deeply  furrowed  into  firm, 
sinuous  ridges. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  brown,  with  very  thin,  pale 
yellow  sapwood. 

NOTES. — Native  to  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  but  much 
planted  in  Michigan   for  ornamental  and  economic  uses.     Very 
rapid  of  growth  in  youth.     Short-lived.     Seriously  attacked  by 
borers.     Spreads  by  underground  shoots. 
—  169  — 


Ailanthns.    Tree  of  Heaven 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  ^. 

3.  Leaflet,  x  Y?. 

4.  Staminate  inflorescence,  x 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  170  — 


LEGUMINOSAE 
Ailanthus.    Tree  of  Heaien 

Ailanthus  glandulosa  Dcsf. 

HABIT. — A  handsome,  rapid-growing,  short-lived  tree,  at- 
taining a  height  of  50-70  feet  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  2-4  feet, 
with  a  spreading,  rather  loose  and  open  crown  and  a  coarse,  blunt 
spray. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  pinnately  compound,  1-3  feet  long. 
Leaflets  11-41  in  number,  2-6  inches  long  and  about  one-third  as 
broad;  ovate-lanceolate;  entire  with  the  exception  of  two  or 
more  coarse,  glandular  teeth  at  the  base;  glabrous,  dark  green 
above,  paler  beneath,  turning  a  clear  yellow  in  autumn  or  falling 
without  change;  ill-scented.  Petioles  smooth,  terete,  swollen  at 
the  base. 

FLOWERS.— June,  when  the  leaves  are  full  grown;  poly- 
gamo-dioecious ;  small,  yellow-green,  borne  in  upright  panicles 
6-12  inches  or  more  in  length;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5,  greenish, 
hairy ;  stamens  10.  Staminate  flowers  ill-scented,  pistillate  almost 
free  from  odor. 

FRUIT.— October ;  i-celled,  i-seeded  samaras,  spirally 
twisted,  reddish  or  yellow-green,  borne  in  crowded  clusters. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  about 
y$  inch  long,  subglobose,  brownish,  downy. 

BARK. — Twigs  yellowish  to  red-brown,  velvety-downy; 
thin,  grayish  and  shallowly  fissured  on  old  trunks. 

WOOD. — Soft,  weak,  of  coarse  and  open  grain,  pale  yellow, 
satiny,  with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

NOTES. — A  native  of  China,  but  naturalized  in  the  United 
States  and  planted  frequently  in  southern  Michigan  as  a  foliage 
tree.  Only  the  pistillate  trees  should  be  planted,  as  these  are 
almost  free  from  the  objectionable  odor  of  the  staminate  trees. 
The  smoke  and  dust  of  our  large  cities  have  little  effect  on  the 
foliage,  and  the  trees  are  perfectly  hardy  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  state. 

—  171  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  ACER 

a.  Leaves  simple;  twigs  usually  without  whitish  bloom, 
b.  Leaf-sinuses  acute  at  the  base. 

c.  Leaf-lobes  long  and  narrow,  the  sides  of  the  terminal 
lobe    diverging;    leaves    silvery    white    beneath;    twigs 

rank-smelling  when  broken A.  saccharinum,  p.  185. 

cc.  Leaf-lobes  short  and  broad,  the  sides  of  the  terminal 
lobe   converging;    leaves    not   conspicuously    white   be- 
neath ;  twigs  not  rank-smelling  when  broken, 
d.  Leaves  2-4  inches  broad,  thin,  not  pentagonally  5-lob- 
ed;  wings  of  fruit  M-I  inch  long. 

e.  Leaves  distinctly  white-downy  beneath;  twigs  ap- 
pressed-hairy,  at  least  near  the  tip;  fruit  hanging  in 
pendulous  racemes,  persistent  on  the  tree  until 
autumn;  seed  portion  with  pit-like  depression  on 

one  side;  usually  a  shrub  or  bushy  tree 

A.  spicatum,  p.  179. 

ee.  Leaves  not  distinctly  white-downy  beneath;   twigs 

glabrous;  fruit  hanging  in  clusters,  falling  in  early 

summer;    seed   portion   without   pit-like   depression 

on  one  side;  medium- sized  tree.,. A.  rubrum,  p.  187. 

dd.  Leaves  4-7  inches  broad,  thick,  pentagonally  5-lohcd ; 

wings  of  fruit  ll/z  inches  long 

A.  pseudo-platanus,  p.  191. 

—  172  — 


bb.  Leaf-sinuses  rounded  at  the  base. 

c.  Lower  sides  of  leaves  and  petioles  distinctly  downy,  the 
lobes  undulate  or  entire;  leaves  very  thick,  drooping  at 

the  sides A.  saccharum  nigrum,  p.  183. 

cc.  Lower  sides  of  leaves  and  petioles  essentially  glabrous, 
the  lobes  serrate;  leaves  not  thick,  not  drooping  at  the 
sides. 

d.  Leaves    coarsely    and    sparsely    toothed    or   notched ; 
bark  not  longitudinally  white-striped ;  large  trees, 
e.  Twigs  coarse;  petioles  exuding  a  milky  juice  when 
cut;  wings  of  fruit  diverging  by  nearly  180° ;  bark 

of  the  trunk  closely  fissured,  not  scaly 

A.  platanoides,  p.  189. 

ee.  Twigs  slender;  petioles  not  exuding  a  milky  juice 
when  cut;  wings  of  fruit  diverging  only  slightly: 
bark  of  the  trunk  deeply  furrowed,  often  cleaving 

in  long,  thick  plates A.  saccharum,  p.  181. 

dd.  Leaves    finely    and    abundantly   toothed;    bark    longi- 
tudinally white-striped ;  a  bushy  tree  or  shrub 

A.  pennsylvanicum,  p.  177. 

aa.  Leaves  compound;  twigs  usually  with  whitish  bloom 

A.  negundo,  p.  193. 


—  173  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  ACER 

a.  Terminal  buds  usually  under  J4  inch  in  length, 
b.  Buds  white-woolly;  twigs  usually  with  a  whitish  bloom; 
opposite  leaf-scars  meeting;   fruit  often  persistent  on  the 

tree  until  spring A.  negundo,  p.  193. 

bb.  Buds    not    white-woolly;    twigs    without    whitish    bloom ; 
opposite   leaf-scars  not  meeting;    fruit  not  persistent  on 
the  tree  in  winter. 
c.  Buds  reddish  or  greenish ;  twigs  bright  red. 

d.  Twigs  strictly  glabrous ;  buds  glabrous ;  spherical 
flower  buds  clustered  on  the  sides  of  the  shoot;  pith 
pink;  large  trees. 

e.  Twigs  rank-smelling  when  broken;  tip  of  outer 
bud-scales  often  apiculate;  tips  of  branches  curving 
upwards;  bark  separating  into  long,  thin  flakes 
loose  at  the  ends A,  saccharinum,  p.  185. 

ee.  Twigs  not  rank-smelling  when  broken ;  tip  of  outer 
bud-scales  rounded ;  tips  of  branches  not  conspicu- 
ously curving  upwards;  bark  rough-ridged,  but 

seldom  forming  loose  flakes A.  rubrum,  p.  187. 

dd.  Twigs   appressed-hairy,   at   least  near  the  tip;   buds 
somewhat  tomentose;   spherical  flower  buds  absent; 

pith  brown;  shrub  or  bushy  tree.  .A.  spicaium,  p   179. 
—  174  — 


cc.  Buds  brownish;  twigs  brownish  or  grayish. 

d.  Buds   glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent  at  the   apex 

only ;  bark  dark  gray  on  the  trunk 

A.  saccharum,  p.    181. 

dd.  Buds  hoary-pubescent ;  bark  sometimes  almost  black 

on  the  trunk A.  saccharum  nigmm,  p.  183. 

aa.  Terminal  buds  usually  ^4-^2  inch  in  length, 
b.  Buds  reddish;  opposite  leaf-scars  meeting. 

c.  Buds  conspicuously  stalked;  bud-scales  visible,   I  pair; 
bark   longitudinally   white-striped;    small   tree   or   large 

shrub A.  pennsylvanicum,  p.  177. 

cc.  Buds  not  conspicuously  stalked;  bud-scales  visible,  2-3 

pairs ;  bark  not  white-striped ;  large  tree 

A.  .platanoides,  p.  189. 

bb.  Buds  bright  green;  opposite  leaf-scars  not  meeting 

A.  pseudo-platanus,  p,  191. 


-175  — 


Striped  Maple.    Moosewood.    Whistlewood 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged.  { 

3.  Leaf,  x  Y2. 

4.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  Yz. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruit,  x  ft. 

—  176  — 


ACERACEAE 
Striped  Maple.    Moosewood.    Whistlewood 

Acer  pennsylvanicum  L- 

HABIT. — A  small  tree  at  best,  more  often  a  large  shrub, 
seldom  attaining  a  height  of  more  than  30  feet,  with  a  short  trunk 
5-8  inches  through.  The  striped,  upright  branches  form  a  rather 
compact  crown. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  simple,  5-6  inches  long  and  nearly  as 
broad;  3-lobed  above  the  middle  with  short,  tapering  lobes; 
palmately  3-nerved;  sharply  doubly  serrate;  rounded  or  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base;  glabrous,  yellow-green  above,  paler  beneath, 
turning  pale  yellow  in  autumn;  petioles  stout,  grooved. 

FLOWERS. — May-June,  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  full 
grown;  usually  monoecious;  large,  bright  yellow,  bell-shaped,  in 
slender,  drooping  racemes  4-6  inches  long;  calyx  5-parted;  petals 
5 ;  stamens  7-8 ;  ovary  downy. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  autumn;  glabrous,  paired  samaras  in 
long,  drooping,  racemose  clusters,  the  wings  Y$  inch  long,  widely 
divergent,  and  marked  on  one  side  of  each  nutlet  by  a  small 
cavity. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Bright  red;  terminal  bud  nearly  #  inch 
long,  short-stalked,  with  bud-scales  keeled;  lateral  buds  smaller, 
appressed. 

BARK. — Twigs  light  green,  mottled  with  black,  smooth; 
trunk  and  branches  red-brown,  marked  longitudinally  by  broad, 
pale  stripes. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  close-grained,  pinkish  brown,  with 
thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Abundant  in  the  Upper  Peninsula,  ex- 
tending southward  as  far  as  Roscommon  County  in  the  Lower 
Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Cool,  rocky  or  sandy  woods,  usually  in  the 
shade  of  other  trees. 

NOTES. — In  the  Northwoods  the  green  shoots  are  browsed 
by  deer  and  moose.  Valued  mostly  for  its  aesthetic  qualities. 
Of  little  or  no  economic  value. 

—  177  — 


Mountain  Maple 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged 
3-  Leaf,  x  y2. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  178  — 


ACERACEAE 
Mountain  Maple 

Acer  spicatum  Lain. 

HABIT.— A  bushy  tree  sometimes  25-30  feet  high,  with  a 
short  trunk  6-8  inches  in  diameter;  small,  upright  branches  form 
a  small,  rounded  crown.  More  often  a  draggling  shrub. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  simple,  4-5  inches  long  and  two- 
thirds  as  broad;  3-lobed  above  the  middle,  the  lobes  coarsely 
cienate-serrate  with  pointed  teeth,  the  sinuses  usually  wide- 
angled  and  acute  at  the  base;  thin;  glabrous,  dark  green  above, 
covered  with  a  whitish  down  beneath,  turning  scarlet  and  orange 
in  autumn;  veining  prominent;  petioles  long,  slender,  with  en- 
larged base. 

FLOWERS. — June,  after  the  leaves  are  full  grown;  poly- 
gamo-monoecious ;  small,  yellow-green,  in  erect,  slightly  com- 
pound, many-flowered,  long-stemmed,  terminal  racemes;  calyx 
downy,  5-lobed;  petals  5;  stamens  7-8;  ovary  tomentose. 

FRUIT. — July;  bright  red,  turning  brown  in  late  autumn; 
small,  glabrous,  paired  samaras,  in  pendulous,  racemose  clusters. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Small,  flattish,  acute,  bright  red,  more 
or  less  tomentose;  the  terminal  %  inch  long,  containing  the 
flowers. 

BARK. — Twigs  reddish,  slightly  hairy;  very  thin,  red- 
brown,  smooth  or  slightly  furrowed  on  the  trunk. 

WOOD.— Light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick, 
lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  in  the  Upper  Peninsula;  ex- 
tends as  far  south  as  Saginaw  Bay. 

HABITAT. — Damp  forests;  rocky  woods;  along  streams; 
always  in  the  shade  of  other  trees. 

NOTES. — Forms  much  of  the  undergrowth  of  our  northern 
forests.     Little  used,  except  for  fire-wood. 
—  179  — 


Sugar  Maple.    Hard  Maple.    Rock  Maple 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

4.  S'taminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  J/2. 

7.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruit,  xi. 

—  180  — 


ACERACEAE 
Sugar  Maple.    Hard  Maple.    Bock  Maple 

Acer  saccharum  Marsh.     [Acer  saccharinum   Wang.} 

HABIT.— A  stately  tree  60-100  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  3-4  feet;  in  the  open  forming  stout,  upright  branches 
near  the  ground,  in  forests  making  remarkably  clean  trunks  to 
a  good  height;  the  crown  is  a  broad,  round-topped  dome. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  simple,  3-5  inches  long  and  broad; 
usually  5-lobed  (sometimes  3-lobed),  the  lobes  sparingly  wavy- 
toothed,  the  sinuses  broad  and  rounded  at  the  base;  thin  and 
firm;  opaque,  dark  green  above,  lighter  and  glabrous  beneath, 
turning  yellow  and  red  in  autumn;  petioles  long,  slender. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  polygamo-monoecious 
or  dioecious;  on  thread-like,  hairy  pedicels  in  nearly  sessile 
corymbs;  greenish  yellow;  calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed;  corolla 
o;  stamens  7-8;  ovary  hairy. 

FRUIT. — September-October,  germinating  the  following 
spring;  paired  samaras,  glabrous,  with  wings  about  I  inch  long, 
diverging  slightly. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Small,  acute,  red-brown,  glabrous  or 
somewhat  pubescent  toward  the  apex,  the  terminal  %  inch  long, 
the  lateral  smaller,  appressed. 

BARK. — Twigs  smooth,  pale  brown,  becoming  gray  and 
smooth  on  the  branches;  old  trunks  dark  gray,  deeply  furrowed, 
often  cleaving  up  at  one  edge  in  long,  thick  plates. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  tough,  durable, 
light  brown,  with  thin,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Found   throughout  the  entire   state. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  moist,  rich  soil  in  valleys  and  uplands 
and  moist,  rocky  slopes. 

NOTES.— The  most  important  hardwood  in  Michigan.    The 
tree  which  produces  the  bulk  of  the  maple  sugar  of  the  market. 
—  181  — 


Black  Maple.    Black  Sugar  Maple 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  2. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  182  — 


ACERACEAE 
Black  Maple.    Black  Sugar  Maple 

Acer  saccharum  nigrum   (Michx.  /.)    Britt. 
[Acer  nigrum  Michx.] 

HABIT. — A  stately  tree,  sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  80 
feet,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  2-3  feet;  ranches  stout,  forming 
a  broad,  rounded,  symmetrical  crown. 

LEAVES.— Opposite,  simple,  concave,  5-7  inches  across,  the 
breadth  usually  exceeding  the  length;  usually  5-lobed  at  maturity, 
the  two  lower  lobes  being  small,  often  reduced  to  a  mere  curve 
in  the  outline,  the  pointed  lobes  undulate  or  entire  and  narrowed 
from  the  broad,  shallow  sinuses ;  thick  and  firm ;  glabrous  above, 
downy  beneath;  petioles  stout,  usually  pendent,  tomentose.  The 
sides  of  the  larger  leaves  often  droop,  giving  to  the  tree  an  air 
of  depression. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  monoecious;  in  nearly 
sessile,  umbel-like  corymbs;  about  ^  inch  long,  yellow,  on 
slender,  hairy  pedicels  2-3  inches  long;  calyx  campanulate,  pilose, 
5-lobed;  corolla  o;  stamens  7-8;  ovary  hairy. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  autumn;  glabrous,  paired  samaras,  clus- 
tered on  drooping  pedicels ;  wings  set  wide  apart,  but  only 
slightly  diverging. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Small,  ovoid,  acute,  with  dark  red- 
brown,  acute  scales,  hoary-pubescent  on  the  outer  surface. 

BARK. — Twigs  smooth,  pale  gray;  becoming  thick,  deeply 
furrowed  and  sometimes  almost  black  on  the  trunk. 

WOOD. — Hard,  heavy,  strong,  close-grained,  creamy  white, 
with  thin,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Lower  Peninsula,  south-eastern  portion. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  low,  moist,  rich  soil  of  river-bottoms, 
but  does  well  on  gravelly  soils  and  uplands. 

NOTES. — Very  variable.     A  very  good  shade  tree  because 
of  its  dense  foliage.    It  is  claimed  by  some  that  the  finest  grades 
of  maple  sugar  are  made  from  the  sap  of  this  tree. 
—  183  — 


Silyer  Maple.    Soft  Maple 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  Y2. 

4.  S'taminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  i. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flowering  branclilet,  x  i. 

7.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruit,  x  Yt. 

—  184  — 


ACERACEAE 
Silver  Maple.    Soft  Maple 

Acer  saccharinum  L,.     [Acer  dasycarpum  Ehrh.] 

HABIT.— A  beautiful  tree,  growing  to  a  height  of  60-80  feet, 
with  a  trunk  diameter  of  2-4  feet,  usually  separating  near  the 
ground  into  3-4  upright  stems  which  are  destitute  of  branches 
for  a  considerable  distance.  Usually  the  long,  slender  branches 
bend  downwards,  but  with  their  tips  ascending  in  a  graceful 
curve.  Crown  broad,  especially  in  its  upper  portion. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  simple,  3-6  inches  long  and  nearly  as 
broad;  usually  5-lobed  by  narrow,  acute  sinuses  which  extend 
nearly  to  the  midrib,  the  lobes  often  sublobed,  sharply  toothed; 
light  green  above,  silvery  white  beneath,  turning  pale  yellow  in 
autumn;  petioles  long,  slender,  drooping. 

FLOWERS.— March-April,  before  the  leaves;  polygamo- 
monoecious  or  dioecious ;  small,  yellow-green,  in  crowded,  sessile 
umbels;  calyx  5-lobed  (sometimes  each  lobe  again  divided); 
corolla  o;  stamens  3-7;  ovary  hairy. 

FRUIT. — May,  germinating  as  soon  as  it  reaches  the  ground ; 
paired  samaras,  large,  glabrous,  curving  inwards,  one  samara 
often  aborted. 

WINTER-BUDS. — Dark  red,  blunt;  the  terminal  about  1A 
inch  long,  with  bud-scales  often  apiculate  at  the  apex;  flower- 
buds  clustered  on  side  spurs. 

BARK. — Twigs  smooth,  red-gray,  lustrous;  young  trunks 
gray,  smooth;  old  trunks  dark  gray,  more  or  less  furrowed, 
separating  into  thin,  loose  scales. 

WOOD. — Hard,  strong,  close-grained,  rather  brittle,  perish- 
able, pale  brown,  with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION. — Lower  Peninsula  south  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  low,  rich  bottom-lands,  subject  to  oc- 
casional inundation,  but  not  in  swamps. 

NOTES. — A  rapid  grower,  adapting  itself  to  a  variety  of 
soils.  Does  not  do  well  on  dry,  elevated  ground.  The  first  tree 
to  blossom  in  early  spring. 

—  185  — 


Red  Maple.    Soft  Maple 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  i. 

4.  Fascicle  of  staminate  flowers,  x  T. 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fascicle  of  pistillate  flowers,  x  i. 
/.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruit,  x  54. 

—  186  — 


ACERACEAE 
Red  Maple.    Soft  Maple 

Acer  rubrum  L. 

HABIT.— A  medium-sized  tree  40-50  feet  high,  occasionally 
in  swamps  60-75  feet;  trunk  1-3  feet  in  diameter;  upright 
branches,  which  form  a  low,  rather  narrow,  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  simple,  3-4  inches  long  and  nearly  as 
broad;  3-5-lot>ed  by  broad,  acute  sinuses,  the  lobes  irregularly 
doubly  serrate  or  toothed;  glabrous,  green  above,  whitish  and 
generally  glabrous  beneath,  turning  bright  scarlet  in  autumn; 
petioles  long,  slender. 

FLOWERS.— March-April,  before  the  leaves;  polygamo- 
monoecious  or  dioecious ;  in  few-flowered  fascicles  on  shoots  of 
the  previous  year,  the  pistillate  red,  the  staminate  orange ;  sepals 
4-5;  petals  4-5;  stamens  5-8;  ovary  smooth. 

FRUIT. — May- June,  •  germinating  immediately  after  reach- 
ing the  ground;  samaras  small,  on  drooping  pedicels  2-4  inches 
long;  wings  about  i  inch  long,  diverging  at  about  a  right  angle. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Dark  red,  blunt;  terminal  bud  about 
Ml  inch  long,  with  bud-scales  rounded  at  the  apex;  flower-buds 
clustered  on  side  spurs. 

BARK. — Twigs  bright  red,  lustrous,  becoming  smooth  and 
light  gray  on  the  branches ;  old  trunks  dark  gray,  ridged,  separat- 
ing into  plate-like  scales. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  close-grained,  not  strong,  light  brown, 
with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Throughout  the  entire  state. 

HABITAT.  —  Prefers  swamp-lands  or  banks  of  streams; 
rarely  found  on  hillsides. 

NOTES. — A   valuable    shade    and    ornamental    tree.      Sugar 
has  been  made  in  small  quantities  from  the  sap. 
—  187  — 


Norway  Maple 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  Y2. 

3.  Raceme  of  staminate  flowers,  x 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Raceme  of  pistillate  flowers,  x 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  l/2. 

—  188  — 


ACERACEAE 
Norway  Maple 

Acer  platanoides  L. 

HABIT.— A  tall,  handsome  tree,  with  a  height  of  40-60  feet, 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  1-2  feet,  having  a  round,  spreading 
crown  of  stout  branches,  resembling  A.  saccharum.  Twigs 
coarse. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  simple,  5-7  inches  broad,  and  almost 
as  long;  thin;  5-;-lobed  at  maturity,  lobes  remotely  coarse- 
toothed  with  the  teeth  drawn  out  into  filamentous  points,  sep- 
arated by  rounded,  scallop-like  sinuses;  glabrous,  bright  green 
both  sides,  turning  pale  yellow  in  autumn;  petioles  long,  slender, 
exuding  a  milky  juice  when  cut. 

FLOWERS. — May- June,  before  or  with  the  leaves;  dioec- 
ious ;  large,  yellow-green,  in  erect,  short,  flat  racemes ;  sepals  5 ; 
petals  5;  stamens  8. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  autumn  and  germinates  the  following 
spring;  pendent  on  long  stalks;  large,  glabrous,  paired  samaras, 
with  wings  2  inches  long,  diverging  by  nearly  180°. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Yellow-green,  red  or  dull  red-brown; 
terminal  bud  about  J4  inch  long,  broad,  short-stalked,  with  bud- 
scales  strongly  keeled ;  lateral  buds  small,  appressed ;  buds  exud- 
ing a  milky  juice  when  cut. 

BARK. — Twigs  lustrous,  light  brown  to  greenish;  trunk 
dark  gray,  becoming  closely  fissured,  not  scaly. 

WOOD. — Moderately  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  whitish  or 
brownish,  with  white  sapwood. 

NOTES.— Exotic  from  Europe.  Extensively  planted  in 
cities  for  its  abundant  shade.  The  roots  strike  deep  and  spread 
laterally,  enabling  the  tree  to  hold  its  own  in  a  city  environment. 
It  holds  its  leaves  two  weeks  longer  in  autumn  than  do  our 
natue  maples.  A  rapid  grower. 

—  189  — 


Sycamore  Maple 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y2. 

3.  Flowering  branchlct,  x  }/2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Perfect  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  l/2. 

—  190  — 


ACERACEAE 
Sycamore  Maple 

Acer  pscudo-platanus  L. 

HABIT.— A  thrifty  tree  50-60  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  2-3  feet;  the  crown  roundish,  spreading. 

LEAVES. — -Opposite,  simple,  4-7  inches  across,  and  as  long 
as  broad;  thick;  pentagonally  5-lobed,  the  lobes  more  or  less 
ovate,  separated  by  very  narrow,  acute  sinuses  extending  about 
half-way  to  the  midrib,  the  lobes  coarsely  and  irregularly  blunt- 
serrate,  crenate-serrate,  or  slightly  lobed;  upper  surface  dark 
green  and  shining,  somewhat  wrinkled,  but  paler  dull  green  and 
glaucous  beneath ;  petioles  long,  stout. 

FLOWERS. — April,  before  the  leaves;  polygamo-monoe- 
cious;  large,  greenish  yellow,  in  pendent  racemes  of  umbellate 
cymes  of  about  three  each ;  sepals  5 ;  petals  5 ;  stamens  8,  hairy ; 
ovary  hairy. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  autumn  and  germinates  the  following 
spring;  pendent  on  long  stalks;  large,  glabrous,  paired  samaras, 
with  wings  il/2  inches  long,  diverging  at  about  a  right  angle. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Bright  green;  terminal  bud  V^-V2  inch 
long,  ovoid  to  subglobose,  blunt,  with  bud-scales  more  or  less 
keeled;  lateral  buds  small,  divergent. 

BARK. — Twigs  lustrous,  brown  or  gray,  becoming  slate 
colored  on  the  branches ;  trunk  gray  or  brownish,  smooth  or 
flaking  off  in  short  scales. 

WOOD. — Moderately  heavy,  hard,  compact,  brownish,  with 
white  sapwood. 

NOTES. — Exotic  from  Europe.  Much  planted  in  our  cities, 
where  it  is  thrifty,  but  short-lived.  The  crown  is  rather  too 
broad  for  planting  anywhere  except  on  our  widest  streets.  The 
leaves  last  two  weeks  longer  in  autumn  than  do  those  of  our 
native  maples. 

—  191  — 


Boxelder.    Ash-leaved  Maple 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  H- 

3.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/t. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 
-   Fruit,  x  I. 

—  192  — 


ACERACEAE 
Boxelder.    Ash-leaved  Maple 

Acer  negundo  L-   [Negundo  acer aides  Moench.} 

HABIT. — A  sturdy  little  tree  30-50  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  1-2  feet.  Trunk  often  divides  near  the  ground  into 
several  stout,  wide-spreading  branches,  forming  a  broad,  unsym- 
metrical,  open  crown. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  pinnately  compound.  Leaflets  3-5  in 
number,  2-4  inches  long,  1^-2^2  inches  broad;  ovate  or  oval; 
nearly  entire,  irregularly  and  remotely  coarse-toothed  above  the 
middle,  or  sometimes  3-lobed  (often  giving  the  leaflet  a  jagged 
outline)  ;  apex  acute,  base  variable;  glabrous  or  somewhat  pube- 
scent at  maturity,  with  prominent  veins.  Petioles  slender,  2-3 
inches  long,  the  enlarged  base  leaving  prominent  crescent-shaped 
scars  partly  surrounding  the  winter-buds. 

FLOWERS.— April,  before  or  with  the  leaves;  dioecious; 
small,  yellow-green;  the  staminate  in  clusters  on  long,  thread- 
like, hairy  pedicels;  the  pistillate  in  narrow,  drooping  racemes; 
calyx  hairy,  5-lobed ;  corolla  o ;  stamens  4-6 ;  ovary  pubescent. 

FRUIT. — Early  summer,  but  hanging  until  late  autumn  or 
early  spring;  narrow,  flat,  winged  samaras,  in  pairs,  clustered 
in  drooping,  racemose  clusters. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  Y^A  inch  long,  acute, 
inclosed  in  two  dull  red  scales,  often  hoary  or  minutely  pube- 
scent; lateral  buds  obtuse,  appressed. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish  to  purple,  glaucous;  trunk  pale 
gray  or  light  brown,  deeply  cleft  into  broad  ridges. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  close-grained,  weak,  creamy  white, 
with  thick,  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Lower  Peninsula  as  far  north  as  Sagi- 
naw  Bay. 

HABITAT. — Banks  of  streams  and  borders  of  swamps. 
Prefers  deep,  moist  soil. 

NOTES. — Accommodates  itself  to  almost  any  situation. 
Easily  transplanted.  Much  planted  for  shade  and  ornament. 
Fast-growing,  but  short-lived. 

—  193  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  AESCULUS 

a.  Leaflets  usually  5 ;  foliage  ill-smelling  when  bruised ;  bark 
broken  into  thick  plates;  prickly  bur  about  i  inch  in  diam- 
eter  A.  glabra,  p.  199. 

aa.  Leaflets  usually  7;  foliage  not  ill-smelling  when  bruised; 
bark  broken  into  thin  plates;  prickly  bur  about  2  inches  in 
diameter A.  hif>l>ocastanuin,  p.  197. 


194  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  AESCULUS 

a.  Terminal  bud  about  */$  inch  long;  bud-scales  covered  with 
a  glaucous  bloom,  not  conspicuously  resinous;  bark  broken 

into  thick  plates;  prickly  bur  about  i  inch  in  diameter 

A .  glabra,  p.  199. 

aa.  Terminal  bud    i-il/2   inches  long;   bud-scales   conspicuously 
sticky-resinous,    glistening;    bark   broken    into    thin    plates; 

prickly  bur  about  2  inches  in  diameter 

A.  hippo cast anum,  p.   197. 


—  195  — 


Horse-chestnut 


1.  Winter  twig,  x 

2.  Leaf,  x  Vc- 

3.  Leaflet,  x  J/2. 

4.  Flower,  x  I. 

5.  Fruit,  x  l/2. 

—  196  — 


SAPINDACEAE 
Horse-chestnut 

Aesculus  hippocastanum  L. 

HABIT. — A  handsome  tree,  with  a  height  of  40-60  feet  and 
a  trunk  diameter  of  1-2  feet,  forming  a  broad,  conical  crown.  The 
regularly  occurring  branches  ascend  from  the  trunk  at  first, 
gradually  bend  downwards  as  they  lengthen,  and  end  in  a  thick, 
upturning  spray  . 

LEAVES. — -Opposite,  digitately  compound.  Leaflets  usually 
7,  rarely  5,  5-7  inches  long,  ilA-2l/2  inches  broad;  obovate,  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base;  irregularly  and  bluntly  serrate;  thick;  rough, 
dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  turning  a  rusty  yellow  in 
autumn.  Petioles  long,  grooved,  swollen  at  the  base. 

FLOWERS.— May- June,  after  the  leaves;  polygamo- 
monoeious;  large,  whitish,  in  showy,  upright,  terminal  thyrses 
8-12  inches  long;  pedicels  jointed,  4-6-flowered;  calyx  campan- 
ulate,  5-lobed;  petals  5,  white,  spotted  with  yellow  and  red, 
clawed;  stamens  7,  thread-like,  longer  than  the  petals. 

FRUIT. — October ;  a  leathery,  globular  capsule  about  2 
inches  in  diameter,  roughened  with  short  spines ;  containing  1-3 
large,  smooth,  lustrous,  brown  nuts,  marked  by  large,  pale  scars. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  buds  i-il/2  inches  long,  acute, 
brownish,  covered  with  glistening,  resinous  gum ;  inner  scales 
yellowish,  becoming  il/2-2  inches  long  in  spring,  remaining  until 
the  leaves  are  nearly  half  grown. 

BARK. — Twigs  smooth,  red-brown;  trunk  dark  brown  and 
broken  into  thin  plates  by  shallow  fissures;  rich  in  tannin,  bitter. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  close-grained,  weak,  whitish,  with  thin, 
light  brown  sapwood. 

NOTES.— A     native     of     Greece,     extensively     cultivated 
throughout  Europe  and  America,  where  it  is  a   favorite  shade 
tree.      A    double-flowered    variety,    Aesculus    hippocastanum,    v. 
fiore  plcno,  which  bears  no  fruit  is  a  common  garden  form. 
—  197  — 


Ohio  Buckeye 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  fo 

3.  Leaflet,  x  y2.' 

4.  Flower,  x  2. 

5.  Fruit,  x  y2. 

6.  Nut,  x  y2. 

—  198  — 


SAPINDACEAE 
Ohio  Buckeye 

Aesculus  glabra    Willd. 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  30-50  feet  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  not  over  2  feet  in  diameter;  usually  much  smaller;  slender, 
spreading  branches,  forming  a  broad,  rounded  crown;  twigs 
thick. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  digitately  compound.  Leaflets  usually 
5,  rarely  7,  3-6  inches  long,  ij^-2j4  inches  broad;  ovate  or  oval, 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  entire  base ;  irregularly  and  finely 
serrate;  glabrous,  yellow-green  above,  paler  beneath,  turning 
yellow  in  autumn.  Petioles  4-6  inches  long,  slender,  enlarged  at 
the  base.  Foliage  ill-smelling  when  bruised. 

FLOWERS.— April-May,  after  the  leaves;  polygamo-monoe- 
cious;  small,  yellow-green,  in  terminal  panicles  5-6  inches  long 
and  2-3  inches  broad,  more  or  less  downy ;  pedicels  4-6-flowered ; 
calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed ;  petals  4,  pale  yellow,  hairy,  clawed ; 
stamens  7,  with  long,  hairy  filaments. 

FRUIT.— October ;  a  thick,  leathery,  prickly  capsule,  about  I 
inch  in  diameter,  containing  a  single  large,  smooth,  lustrous, 
brown  nut.  A  large  pale  scar  gives  the  name  "Buckeye." 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  buds  ^3  inch  long,  acute, 
resinous,  brownish;  inner  scales  yellow-green,  becoming  1^-2 
inches  long  in  spring  and  remaining  until  the  leaves  are  nearly 
half  grown. 

BARK. — Twigs  smooth,  red-brown,  becoming  ashy  gray ; 
old  trunks  densely  furrowed  and  broken  into  thick  plates;  ill- 
smelling  when  bruised. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  close-grained,  weak,  whitish,  with  thin, 
light  brown  sapwood. 

NOTES. — A  native   of  the   Mississippi   River   Valley.     Oc- 
casionally planted  in  southern  Michigan  for  ornamental  purposes, 
but  is  less  popular  than  the  Horse-chestnut. 
—  199  — 


Basswood 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  Ys- 

3.  Cyme  of  flowers,  with  its  bract,  x  Yz- 

4.  Flower,  with  two  petals,  petaloid  scales 

and  stamens  removed,  enlarged. 

5.  Stamen,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruit,  x  Yi. 

—  200  — 


TILIACEAE 
Basswood 

Tilia  americana  L. 

HABIT. — A  tree  usually  60-70  feet  high,  with  a  tall,  straight 
trunk  2-4  feet  in  diameter ;  numerous  slender  branches  form  a 
dense,  ovoid  or  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  5-6  inches  long,  3-4  inches 
broad;  obliquely  heart-shaped;  coarsely  serrate;  thick  and  firm; 
glabrous,  dull  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath ;  petioles  slender, 
1-2  inches  long. 

FLOWERS.— June- July,  after  the  leaves;  perfect,  regular; 
yellowish  white,  downy,  fragrant;  borne  on  slender  pedicels  in 
loose,  drooping  cymes,  the  peduncle  attached  for  half  its  length 
to  a  narrow,  oblong,  yellowish  bract;  sepals  5,  downy;  petals  5, 
creamy  white;  stamens  numerous,  in  5  clusters;  ovary  s-celled; 
stigma  5-lcxbed. 

FRUIT. — October;  globose,  nut-like,  woody,  gray,  tomen- 
tose,  about  the  size  of  peas. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds  ovoid, 
acute,  often  lopsided,  smooth,  dark  red,  %  inch  long. 

BARK. — Twigs  smooth,  reddish  gray,  becoming  dark  gray 
or  brown ;  dark  gray  and  smooth  on  young  stems,  on  old  trunks 
thick,  deeply  furrowed  into  broad,  scaly  ridges. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  close-grained,  tough,  light  red-brown, 
with  thick  sapwood  of  nearly  the  same  color. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Common  in  most  parts  of  the  Lower 
Peninsula,  frequent  in  the  Upper  Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  rich,  well-drained,  loamy  soils. 

NOTES.— Rapid   in   growth.     Easily  transplanted.     Recom- 
mended for  street  and  ornamental  planting. 
—  201  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  CORNUS 

a.  Leaves  mostly  alternate ;  branches  usually  greenish ;  flowers 

not   surrounded   by   large   petal-like  bracts ;    fruit   globular, 

blue,  borne  many  in  loose  clusters. ..  .C.  altermfolia,  p.  207. 

aa.  Leaves    opposite;    branches    usually    reddish    or    yellowish; 

flowers     surrounded     by     large     petal-like     bracts;      fruif 

ovoid,  scarlet,  borne  in  close  clusters  of  3-4 

C.  florida,  p.  205. 


202  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  CORNUS 

a.  Leaf-scars    mostly   alternate;    buds    light    brown;    branches 

usually  greenish C.  alternifolia,  p.  207. 

aa.  Leaf-scars  opposite;  buds  greenish;  branches  usually  red- 
dish or  yellowish C.  florida,  p.  205. 


—  203  — 


Flowering  Dogwood.    Dogwood.    Boxwood 


1.  Winter  twig,  with  leaf  buds,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Winter  twig,  with  flower  bud,  x  I. 

4.  Leaf,  x  H- 

5.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

6.  Flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  204^ 


CORNACEAE 
Flowering  Dogwood.    Dogwood.    Boxwood 

Cornus  florida  L,. 

HABIT. — A  bushy  tree  with  a  height  of  15-30  feet  and  a 
short  trunk  8-12  inches  in  diameter;  slender,  spreading  branches 
form  a  flat-topped  crown. 

LEAVES.— Opposite,  closely  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  simple,  3-5  inches  long,  2-3  inches  broad;  ovate  to 
elliptical;  obscurely  wavy-toothed;  thick  and  firm;  bright  green, 
covered  with  minute,  appressed  hairs  above,  pale  and  more  or 
less  pubescent  beneath,  turning  bright  scarlet  in  autumn;  petioles 
short,  grooved. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves;  perfect;  greenish;  in 
dense  clusters  surrounded  by  4  large,  white  or  pinkish,  petal- 
like  bracts  (often  mistaken  for  the  corolla),  borne  on  short, 
stout  peduncles;  calyx  4-lobed,  light  green;  petals  4,  yellow- 
green  ;  stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  petals ;  ovary  2-celled. 

FRUIT. — October;  an  ovoid,  scarlet  drupe,  borne  in  close 
clusters  of  3-4;  flesh  is  bitter. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Leaf -buds  narrow-conical,  acute,  green- 
ish ;  flower-buds  spherical  or  vertically  flattened,  grayish. 

BARK. — Twigs  pale  green,  becoming  red  or  yellow-green 
their  first  winter,  later  becoming  light  brown  or  red-gray;  red- 
brown  or  blackish  on  the  trunk,  often  separating  into  quad- 
rangular, plate-like  scales. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  brown- 
ish, with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Southern  Michigan  as  far  north  as  the 
Grand-Saginaw  Valley. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  rich,  well-drained  soil,  usually  under 
the  shade  of  other  trees. 

NOTES. — A  valuable  species  for  ornamental  purposes. 
Rather  slow  of  growth. 

—  205  — 


Blue  Dogwood.    Alternate-leaved  Dogwood 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  24. 

4.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

5.  'Flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  J^. 


CORNACEAE 
Blue  Dogwood,    Alternate-leaved  Dogwood 

Cornus  alternifolia  L.  f. 

HABIT. — A  small  tree  or  large  shrub  reaching  a  height  of 
25-30  feet  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  6-8  inches;  more  often  smaller 
than  this.  The  long,  slender  branches  are  arranged  in  irregular 
whorls,  forming  flat,  horizontal. tiers,  giving  the  tree  a  storied 
effect. 

LEAVES. — Mostly  alternate  and  clustered  at  the  ends  of 
the  branchlets;  simple,  3-5  inches  long,  2^2-3  inches  broad;  oval 
or  ovate,  long-pointed,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base;  obscurely 
wavy-toothed ;  thin ;  dark  green,  nearly  glabrous  above,  paler 
and  covered  with  appressed  hairs  beneath,  turning  yellow  and 
scarlet  in  autumn;  petioles  slender,  grooved,  hairy,  with  clasping 
bases.  • 

FLOWERS. — May-June,  after  the  leaves;  perfect;  borne  on 
slender  pedicels  in  many-flowered,  irregular,  open  cymes  from 
the  season's  shoots;  calyx  cup-shaped,  obscurely  4-toothed,  cov- 
ered with  fine,  silky,  white  hairs;  petals  4,  cream  colored;  stam- 
ens 4;  ovary  2-celled. 

FRUIT. — October;  a  globular,  blue-black  drupe,  borne  in 
loose,  red-stemmed  clusters;  flesh  bitter. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Leaf-buds  small,  acute,  light  brown; 
flower-buds  spherical  or  vertically  flattened. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish  or  reddish,  becoming  smooth,  dark 
green;  thin,  dark  red-brown  and  shallowly  fissured  on  the  trunk. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  red-brown,  with  thick, 
lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Scattered    throughout    both    peninsulas. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  moist,  well-drained  soil  on  the  borders 
of  streams  and  swamps,  often  in  the  shade  of  other  trees. 

NOTES. — Hardy  throughout  the  state.     Easily  transplated. 
The  only  Connts  with  alternate  leaves  and  branches. 
—  207  — 


Black  Gum.    Pepperidge 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Portion  of  twig,  enlarged. 

3.  Leaf,  x  K 

4.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x 

5.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

6.  Pistillate  flowering  branclilet,  x 

7.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Fruit,  x  y2. 

—  208  — 


CORNACEAE 
Black  Gum.    Pepperidge 

Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsh.  [Nyssa  multiflora  Wang.] 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  40-50  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  1-2  feet,  forming  a  rounded  to  cylindrical  crown  of 
slender,  spreading,  pendulous  branches  and  a  stiff,  flat  spray. 

LEAVES. — Alternate,  simple,  2-5  inches  long,  one-half  as 
broad ;  oblong-obovate  to  oval ;  entire,  or  sometimes  wavy- 
margined;  thick  and  firm;  very  lustrous  and  dark  green  above, 
pale  and  often  hairy  beneath,  turning  bright  scarlet,  on  the  upper 
surface  only,  in  autumn;  petioles  short. 

FLOWERS.— May-June,  with  the  leaves;  polygamo-dioe- 
cious;  greenish;  borne  on  slender,  downy  peduncles;  the  stam- 
inate  slender-pedicelled,  in  many-flowered  heads ;  the  pistillate 
sessile,  in  several-flowered  clusters ;  calyx  cup-shaped,  5-toothed ; 
petals  5;  stamens  5-10;  stigma  stout,  terete,  recurved. 

FRUIT.— October ;  fleshy  drupes,  ovoid,  blue-black,  about 
*A  inch  long,  sour,  in  clusters  of  1-3. 

WINTER-BUDS.—^-^  inch  long,  ovoid,  obtuse,  dark  red. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish  or  light  brown,  smooth  or  often 
downy,  becoming  smooth,  dark  red-brown ;  thick,  red-brown  on 
old  trunks,  deeply  furrowed. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  soft,  strong,  very  tough,  difficult  to  split, 
not  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  pale  yellow,  with  thick,  whit- 
ish sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Frequent  in  the  southern  half  of  the 
Lower  Peninsula.  Has  been  reported  as  far  north  as  Manistee. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  the  borders  of  swamps  and  low,  wet 
lands.  Rarely  flourishes  in  exposed  situations. 

NOTES.— Of    great    ornamental    value.     Not    easily    trans- 
planted.   Pith  of  twigs  with  thin,  transverse  partitions. 
—  209  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF 
FRAXINUS 


a.  Lateral  leaflets  sessile F.  nigra,  p.  221. 

aa.  Lateral  leaflets  petioluled. 

b.  Twigs,  petioles  and  lower  sides  of  leaves  pubescent 

F.  pennsylcanica,  p.  215. 

bb.  Twigs,  petioles  and  lower  sides  of  leaves  essentially  glab- 
rous. 

c.  Twigs  prominently  Dangled..../7,  quadrangulata,  p.  219. 
cc.  Twigs  terete. 

d.  Lower  sides  of  leaves  essentially  of  the  same  color 
as  the  upper;  leaflet-margins  rather  finely  sharp- 
serrate. F.  pennsylvanica  lanccolala,  p.  217. 

dd.  Lower  sides  of  leaves  paler  than  the  upper;  leaflet- 
margins  entire  or  obscurely  serrate 

P.  amcricana,  p.  213. 


—  210  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF 
FRAXINUS 

a.  Twigs  prominently  4-angled;   fruit  falling  in  early  autumn 

P.  quad  ran  gulata,  p.  219. 

aa.  Twigs  terete;   fruit  often  persistent  on  the  tree  until  mid- 
winter or  the  following  spring. 

b.  Buds  rusty-tomentose;  twigs  more  or  less  downy 

P.   pcnnsylvanica,  p.  215. 

bb.  Buds  not  tomentose;  twigs  not  downy. 

c.  Terminal  bud  black  or  nearly  so,  showing  3  pairs  of 
scales  in  cross-section ;  bud-scales  apiculate  at  the  apex ; 
samaras  with  broad  wings,  the  seed  portion  flattish; 

bark  flaky,  rubbing  off  on  the  hand P.  nigra,  p.  221. 

cc.  Terminal  bud  brownish,  showing  4  pairs  of  scales  in 
cross-section ;  bud-scales  rounded  at  the  apex ;  samaras 
with. narrow  wings,  the  seed  portion  terete;  bark  ridged, 
not  flaky  and  rubbing  off  on  the  hand. 

d.  Upper  margin  of  leaf-scars  deeply  concave 

P.  americana,  p.  213. 

dd.  Upper -margin  of  leaf-scars  not  concave,  but  straight 

across  or  projecting  upward 

P,  Pennsylvania*  lanceolata,  p.  217. 


—  211  — 


White  Ash 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y*. 

3.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/>. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  y2. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 
/.  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  212  — 


OLEACEAE 
White  Ash 

Fraxinus  amcricana  L,. 

HABIT.— A  large  tree  50-75  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  2-3  feet;  forming  an  open,  pyramidal  crown  of  long, 
slender,  lateral  branches  and  a  stout,  rather  sparse  spray. 

LEAVES. — -Opposite,  pinnately  compound,  8-12  inches  long. 
Leaflets  usually  7-9,  3-5  inches  long,  1-2  inches  broad;  short- 
stalked;  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate;  entire  or  obscurely  serrate; 
thick  and  firm ;  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath. 
Petioles  glabrous,  stout,  grooved. 

FLOWERS.— May,  before  the  leaves;  dioecious;  borne  in 
loose  panicles  on  shoots  of  the  previous  season;  calyx  companu- 
late,  4-lobed ;  corolla  o ;  stamens  2,  rarely  3 ;  ovary  2-celled. 

FRUIT. — August-September,  persistent  on  the  branches 
until  midwinter  or  the  following  spring;  samaras  1-2  inches 
long,  in  crowded,  drooping,  paniculate  clusters  6-8  inches  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Short,  rather  obtuse;  bud-scales  apicu- 
late,  keeled,  4  pairs,  rusty-brown. 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  dark  green,  becoming  gray  or  light 
brown,  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  gray,  deeply  fur- 
rowed into  firm,  narrow,  flattened  ridges  on  the  trunk. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  tough,  brown, 
with  thick,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION. — Of  common  occurrence  throughout  the 
state. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  a  rich,  moist,  loamy  soil,  but  grows  in 
any  well-drained  situation;  common  along  stream-beds. 

NOTES.— Grows  rapidly.     Easily  transplanted.     Fairly  free 
from  disease.     Leaves  appear  late  in  spring. 
—  213  — 


Red  Ash 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  l/3. 

3.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/2. 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  I. 

—  214  — 


OLEACEAE 
Rod  Ash 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  Marsh.     [Fra.rinus  pubescens  Lam.} 

HABIT. — A  medium-sized  tree  30-50  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  1-2  feet;  stout,  upright  branches  and  slender  branch- 
lets  form  a  compact,  broad,  irregular  crown. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  pinnately  compound,  10-12  inches  long. 
Leaflets  7-9,  3-5  inches  long,  1-1^/2  inches  broad;  short-stalked; 
oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate;  slightly  serrate  or  entire;  thin  and 
firm;  glabrous,  yellow-green  above,  pale,  and  silky-downy  be- 
neath. Petioles  stout,  pubescent. 

FLOWERS. — May,  with  the  leaves ;  dioecious ;  borne  in 
compact,  downy  panicles  on  shoots  of  the  previous  season;  calyx 
cup-shaped,  4-toothed;  corolla  o;  stamens  2,  rarely  3;  ovary  2- 
celled. 

FRUIT. — Early  autumn,  persistent  on  the  branches  through- 
out the  winter;  samaras  1-2  inches  long,  in  open,  paniculate 
clusters. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Small,  rounded;  bud-scales  rounded  on 
the  back,  3  pairs,  rusty  brown,  tomentose. 

BARK. — Twigs  pale  pubescent  at  first,  lasting  2-3  years  or 
often  disappearing  during  the  first  summer,  finally  ashy  gray  or 
brownish  and  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  brown  or 
dark  gray  on  the  trunk,  with  many  longitudinal,  shallow  furrows ; 
somewhat  scaly. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  light 
brown,  with  thick,  yellow-streaked  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Not  a  common  tree.  Most  frequent  in 
the  southern  half  of  the  Lower  Peninsula,  but  has  been  reported 
further  north,  i.  e.,  Drummond's  Island  and  Keweenaw  County, 
Upper  Peninsula. 

HABITAT.— Prefers  wet  or  moist,  rich  loam;  river-banks; 
swampy  lowlands. 

NOTES.— A  rapid  grower  in  youth.  Fairly  immune  from 
insect  and  fungous  diseases. 

—  215  — 


Green  Ash 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  l/3. 

3.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  J 

6.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 
7-  Fruit,  x  i. 

—  216  — 


OLEACEAE 
Green  Ash 

Fraxinus   pcnnsylvanica    lanceolata    (Borkh.)    Sarg.      [Frajfinvs 
lanccolata  Borkh.]      {Fraxinus  viridis  Michx.  /.] 

Considered  by  some  authors  to  be  a  distinct  species,  and  by 
others  a  variety  of  F.  pcnnsylvanica  Marsh.,  which  it  resembles. 
The  main  points  of  difference  are : 

The  usual  absence  of  pubescence  from  the  branchlets, 
the  underside  of  the  leaflets,  and  the  petioles. 

The    rather    narrower,    shorter,    and    more    sharply 
serrate  leaflets. 

The  color  of  the  leaves,  which  is  bright  green  on 
both  sides. 

A  very  hardy  tree,  of  rapid  growth  and  desirable  habit,  mak- 
ing it  useful  for  ornamental  and  street  planting.  Easily  trans- 
planted. 

Of  rare  occurrence  in  Michigan,  but  has  been  reported  from 

several  localities. 

if 


—  217  — 


Blue  Ash 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  J4. 

3.  Flowering  branchlet,  x  i. 

4.  Flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Fruit,  x  }/2. 

—  218  — 


OLEACEAE 
Blue  Ash 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata  Michx. 

HABIT. — A  large  tree  50-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  1-3  feet;  small,  spreading  branches  and  stout,  4-angled, 
more  or  less  4-winged  branchlets  form  a  narrow  crown. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  pinnately  compound,  8-12  inches  long. 
Leaflets  5-9,  usually  7,  3-5  inches  long,  1-2  inches  broad;  short- 
stalked  ;  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  long-pointed ;  coarsely  ser- 
rate ;  thick  and  firm ;  yellow-green  above,  paler  beneath,  glabrous. 
Petioles  slender,  glabrous. 

FLOWERS. — April,  before  the  leaves;  perfect;  borne  in 
loose  panicles  on  shoots  of  the  previous  season;  calyx  reduced  to 
a  ring;  corolla  o;  stamens  2;  ovary  2-celled. 

FRUIT. — September-October,  falling  soon  after;  samaras 
1-2  inches  long,  in  long,  loose,  paniculate  clusters. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Short,  rather  obtuse;  bud-scales  rounded 
on  the  back,  3  pairs,  dark  red-brown,  somewhat  pubescent. 

BARK. — Twigs  orange,  rusty-pubescent,  becoming  brownish 
or  grayish;  on  the  trunk  light  gray  tinged  with  red,  irregularly 
divided  into  large,  plate-like  scales,  often  with  the  shaggy  ap- 
pearance of  a  Shagbark  Hickory. 

WOOD. — Heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  brittle,  light  yellow 
streaked  with  brown,  with  thick,  light  yellow  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Occasionally  in  the  sputhern  half  of  the 
Lower  Peninsula.  Nowhere  abundant. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  rich,  limestone  hills,  but  grows  well  in 
fertile  bottom-lands. 

NOTES. — Hardy  and  grows  rapidly.    A  blue  dye  is  made  by 
mascerating  the  inner  bark  in  water. 
—  219  — 


Black  Ash 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  y3. 

3.  Staminate  flowering  branchlet,  x  l/t. 

4.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Pistillate  flowering  branchlet,  x  ]/2. 

6.  Pistillate  flowers,  enlarged. 

7.  Fruit,  x  i. 


OLEACEAE 
Black  Ash 

igra  Marsh.     [Fraxinus  sambucifolia  Lam.] 


HABIT.—  A  tall  tree  60-80  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  1-2  feet;  slender,  upright  branches  form  in  the  forest  a  nar- 
row crown,  in  the  open  a  rounded,  ovoid  crown. 

LEAVES.  —  Opposite,  pinnately  compound,  12-16  inches  long. 
Leaflets  7-11,  3-5  inches  long,  1-2  inches  broad;  sessile,  except 
the  terminal  ;  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  long-pointed  ;  remotely, 
but  sharply  serrate;  thin  and  firm;  dark  green  above,  paler  be- 
neath, glabrous.  Petioles  stout,  grooved,  glabrous. 

FLOWERS.  —  May,  before  the  leaves  ;  polygamo-dioecious  ; 
borne  in  loose  panicles  on  shoots  of  the  preceding  season  ;  calyx 
o;  corolla  o;  stamens  2;  ovary  2-celled. 

FRUIT.  —  August-September,  falling  early,  or  sometimes 
hanging  on  the  tree  until  the  following  spring;  samaras  1-1^2 
inches  long,  in  open,  paniculate  clusters  8-10  inches  long. 

WINTER-BUDS.—  Ovoid,  pointed;  bud-scales  rounded  on 
the  back,  3  pairs,  almost  black. 

BARK.  —  Twigs  at  first  dark  green,  becoming  ashy  gray  or 
orange,  finally  dark  gray  and  warted;  thin,  soft  ash-gray  and 
scaly  on  the  trunk.  Bark  flakes  off  on  rubbing  with  the  hand. 

WOOD.  —  Heavy,  tough,  coarse-grained,  weak,  rather  soft, 
dark  brown,  with  thin,  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.—  Common  throughout  most  portions  of 
Michigan. 

HABITAT.  —  Prefers  deep,  cold  swamps  and  low  river- 
banks,  but  grows  in  any  good  soil. 

NOTES.—  Hardy   throughout   the   state.     Not   easily   trans- 
planted.    Foliage  falls  early  in  autumn. 
—  221  — 


SUMMER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  CATALPA 

a.  Leaves  5-8  inches  long,  thick;  flowers  il/2  inches  across, 
prominently  yellow-spotted;  seeds  with  pointed,  fringed 
wings  at  each  end ;  branches  rather  crooked  and  straggling ; 

bark  thin,  separating  into  thin  scales  on  the  trunk 

C.  bignonioides,  p.  227. 

aa.  Leaves  8-12  inches  long,  thin;  flowers  2j/£  inches  across, 
not  prominently  spotted ;  seeds  with  rounded,  wide-fringed 
wings  at  each  end ;  branches  not  crooked  and  straggling ; 

bark  thick,  separating  into  thick  scales  on  the  trunk 

C.  sfieciosa,  p.  225. 


—  222  — 


WINTER  KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  CATALPA 

a.  Fruiting  capsules  about  J4  incn  thick;  seeds  with  pointed, 
fringed  wings  at  each  end;  branches  rather  crooked  and 
straggling;  bark  thin,  separating  into  thin  scales  on  the 
trunk ' C.  bignonioidcs,  p.  227. 

aa.  Fruiting  capsules  about  l/2  inch  thick,  seeds  with  rounded, 
wide-fringed  wings  at  each  end ;  branches  not  crooked  and 
straggling;  bark  thick,  separating  into  thick  scales  on  the 
trunk C.  speclosa,  p.  225. 


—  223  — 


Hardy  Catalpa 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  I. 

2.  Leaf,  x  }4. 

3.  Panicle  of  flowers,  x 

4.  Fruit,  x  1/2. 

5.  Seed,  x  I. 

—  224  — 


BIGNONIACEAE 
Hardy  Catalpa 

Catalpa  spcciosa  Warder. 

HABIT.— A  tree  50-75  feet  high,  with  a  short,  often  crooked 
trunk  and  a  broad,  rounded  crown  of  slender,  spreading  branches 
and  thick  branchlets. 

LEAVES. — Opposite  or  whorled,  simple,  8-12  inches  long, 
6-8  inches  broad ;  heart-shaped ;  entire  or  sometimes  slightly 
lobed;  thick  and  firm;  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  downy  be- 
neath, with  clusters  of  dark,  nectariferous  glands  in  the  axils  of 
the  primary  veins,  turning  black  and  falling  with  the  first  severe 
frost;  petioles  long,  stout,  terete. 

FLOWERS.— June- July,  after  the  leaves  are  full  grown; 
perfect;  borne  on  slender,  purplish  pedicels  in  open,  few-flowered 
panicles  5-6  inches  long;  calyx  2-lobed,  purple;  corolla  white  with 
inconspicuous  yellow  spots,  campanulate,  5-lobed,  2^  inches 
broad ;  stamens  2,  staminodia  3 ;  ovary  2-celled. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  early  autumn;  slender,  2-celled,  cylindri- 
cal capsule  10-20  inches  long  and  about  r/2  inch  thick;  hangs  on 
tree  all  winter,  opening  in  spring  before  falling;  seeds  light 
brown,  i  inch  long,  with  rounded,  wide- fringed  wings  at  each 
end. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds 
brownish,  globose,  inconspicuous. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish,  often  with  purple  tinge,  becoming 
orange  or  red-brown  and  covered  with  a  slight  bloom  the  first 
winter,  finally  darker  with  age;  thick,  red-brown,  broken  into 
thick  scales  on  the  trunk. 

WOOD. — Light,  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  light  brown, 
with  very  thin,  almost  white  sapwood;  very  durable  in  contact 
with  the  soil. 

NOTES. — A  native  of  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  the  states  ad- 
joining on  the  south,  but  much  planted  in  Michigan  as  a  shade 
and  ornamental  tree.  Closely  resembles  C.  bignonioides,  but  is  a 
larger  and  hardier  tree. 

—  225  — 


Catalpa 


1.  Winter  twig,  x  i. 

2.  Leaf,  x  ys. 

3.  Panicle  of  flowers,  x 

4.  Fruit,  x  l/2. 

5.  Seed,  x  i. 

—  226  — 


BIGNONIACEAE 
Catalpa 

Catalfa  bignonioides  Walt.  [Catalpa  catalpa  (L.)  Karst.] 

HABIT. — A  tree  40-50  feet  high,  with  a  short,  thick  trunk 
and  a  broad,  irregular  crown  of  long,  crooked  branches  and 
coarse,  upright  branchlets. 

LEAVES. — Opposite  or  whorled,  simple,  5-8  inches  long,  4-5 
inches  broad ;  heart-shaped ;  entire  or  sometimes  slightly  lobed ; 
thin  and  firm;  glabrous,  light  green  above,  downy  beneath,  with 
dark,  nectariferous  glands  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins, 
turning  black  and  falling  with  the  first  severe  frost;  petiole? 
long,  stout,  terete. 

FLOWERS.— June-July,  after  the  leaves  ate  full  grown; 
perfect;  borne  on  slender,  hairy  pedicels  in  compact,  many- 
flowered  panicles  8-10  inches  long;  calyx  2-lobed,  green  or  pur- 
ple; corolla  white  with  yellow  spots,  campanulate,  5-lobed,  i>> 
inches  broad ;  stamens  2,  staminodia  3 ;  ovary  2-celled. 

FRUIT. — Ripens  in  early  autumn;  slender,  2-celled,  cylindri- 
cal capsule  8-20  inches  long  and  about  J4  inch  thick;  hangs  on 
tree  all  winter,  opening  in  spring  before  falling;  seeds  silvery 
gray,  I  inch  long,  with  pointed,  fringed  wings  at  each  end. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Terminal  bud  absent;  lateral  buds 
brownish,  globose,  inconspicuous. 

BARK. — Twigs  greenish  purple,  becoming  red-brown  and 
marked  by  a  network  of  thin,  flat  ridges;  thin,  red-brown  on  the 
trunk,  separating  into  large,  thin,  irregular  scales. 

WOOD.— Light,  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  light  brown, 
with  very  thin,  whitish  sapwood ;  very  durable  in  contact  with 
the  soil. 

NOTES.— A  native  of  the  Lower  Mississippi  River  Basin, 
but  naturalized  in  southern  Michigan,  where  it  is  a  popular  shade 
and  ornamental  tree.     Foliage  appears  very  tardily  in  spring. 
—  227  — 


Sheepberry.    Jfannyberry 


1.  Winter  twig,  with  leaf  buds,  x  I. 

2.  Winter  twig,  with  flower  bud,  x  i. 

3.  Leaf,  x  Y4. 

4.  Flower,  enlarged. 

5.  Fruiting  branchlet,  x  l/2. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE 
Sheepberry.    Nannyberry 

Viburnum  lentago  L. 

HABIT.— A  low  tree  or  shrub  15-25  feet  high,  with  a  short 
trunk  6-10  inches  in  diameter;  numerous  tortuous  branches  form 
a  wide,  compact,  rounded  crown. 

LEAVES. — Opposite,  simple,  2-4  inches  long,  one-half  as 
broad;  ovate  to  suborbicular ;  finely  and  sharply  serrate;  thick 
and  firm;  lustrous,  bright  green  above,  pale  and  marked  with 
tiny  black  dots  beneath;  petioles  broad,  grooved,  more  or  less 
winged,  about  i  inch  long. 

FLOWERS. — May-June,  after  the  leaves;  perfect;  small; 
cream-white,  borne  in  stout-branched,  scurfy,  flat,  terminal  cymes 
3-5  inches  across ;  calyx  tubular,  5-toothed ;  corolla  5-lobed,  cream 
color  or  white,  J4  inch  across ;  stamens  5,  with  yellow  anthers ; 
ovary  i -celled,  with  short,  thick,  green  style  and  broad  stigma. 

FRUIT. — September;  a  fleshy  drupe,  J^  inch  long,  ovoid, 
flattened,  blue-black,  borne  in  few- fruited,  red-stemmed  clusters; 
stone  oval,  flat,  rough;  flesh  sweet,  edible. 

WINTER-BUDS.— Leaf-buds  narrow,  acute,  red,  scurfy- 
pubescent,  Yz  inch  long;  flower-buds  swollen  at  the  base,  with 
spire-like  apex,  grayish  with  scurfy  pubescence,  24  mc^  l°n£- 

BARK. — Twigs  at  first  light  green,  rusty-pubescent,  becom- 
ing dark  red-brown;  red-brown  on  old  trunks  and  broken  into 
small,  thick  plates. 

WOOD.— Heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  ill-smelling,  dark 
orange-brown,  with  thin,  whitish  sapwood. 

DISTRIBUTION.— Frequent  throughout  the  state. 

HABITAT. — Prefers  rich,  moist  soil  along  the  borders  of 
forests  ;  roadsides ;  river-banks. 

NOTES.— Too  small  for  street  use.  Propagated  from  seed 
or  by  cuttings. 

—  229  — 


GLOSSARY 

With  page  references  to  explanatory  figures. 

Abortion.      Imperfect    development    or    non-development    of    an 

organ  or  part. 

Acuminate.     Gradually  tapering  to  the  apex.    Page  xn. 
Acute.    Terminating  with  a  sharp  angle.     Page  xu. 
Alternate.     Said  of  leaves,  branches,  buds,  etc.,  scattered  singly 

along  the  stem;  not  opposite. 

Androgynous.     Composed  of  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 
Anterior.    The  front  side  of  a  flower,  remote  from  the  axis  of 

inflorescence. 

Anther.    The  part  of  a  stamen  which  bears  the  pollen.    Page  xm. 
Apctalous.     Without  petals. 
Apex.     The  top,  as  the  tip  of  a  bud  or  the  end  of  a  leaf  which 

is  opposite  the  petiole. 
Apiculate.     Ending  in  a  short-pointed  tip. 
Appressed.     Lying  close  and  flat  against. 
Aromatic.     Fragrant;  with  an  agreeable  odor. 
Axil.    The   upper   one   of   the    angles    formed    by   the    juncture 

of  a  leaf  with  a  stem. 
Axillary.     Situated   in   an   axil. 

Bark.    The  outer  covering  of  a  trunk  or  branch. 

Bearded.     Bearing  a  long,   bristle-like   appendage,   or    furnished 

with  long  or  stiff  hairs. 
Berry.     A  fruit  which  is  fleshy  throughout. 
Bipinnate.    Twice  pinnate. 
Blade.    The  expanded  portion  of  a  leaf,  etc. 
Bloom.     A  powdery  or  waxy  substance  easily  rubbed  off. 
Bract.     A   more  or  less   modified   leaf   subtending   a   flower   or 

belonging  to  an  inflorescence. 
Branch.     A  secondary  division  of  a  trunk. 
Branchlct.     A   small  branch. 

Bud.     An  undeveloped  stem  or  branch,  with  or  without  scales. 
Bud-scales.     Modified  leaves  covering  a  bud. 
Bundle-scars.     Dots   on   the    surface   of   a   leaf-scar,   which   are 

scars  left  by  the  fibro-vascular  bundles  which  run  through 

the  petiole  into  the  blade  of  the  leaf.     Page  xvi. 
Bur.    A  spiny   fruit. 

—  231  — 


Calyx.    The  outer  part  of  a  perianth,   usually  green   in  color. 

Page  xni. 

Campanulate.    Bell-shaped. 
Capsule.     A  dry  fruit  of  more  than  one  carpel  which  splits  at 

maturity  to  release  the  seeds. 

Carpel.    A  simple  pistil,  or  one  member  of  a  compound  pistil. 
Catkin.     A    spike    of   unisexual    flowers,    each    subtended    by    a 

bract,  and  usually  deciduous  in  one  piece. 

Chambered.     Said  of  pith  which  is  interrupted  by  hollow  spaces. 
Ciliate.    Fringed  with  hairs  on  the  margin. 
Cinereous.    Ash-gray  color. 

Claw.    The  narrow,  stalk-like  base  of  a  petal,  sepal,  etc. 
Cleft.     Cut  about  half-way  to  the  middle. 
Cluster.     A  group  of  two  or  more  organs   (flowers,  fruit,  etc.) 

on  a  plant  at  a  node  or  end  of  a  stem. 
Compound.     Composed  of  two  or  more  similar  parts  united  into 

a  whole.     Compound  leaf,  one  divided  into  separate  leaflets. 
Cone.    A  fruit  with  woody,  overlapping  scales. 
Conical.    Cone-shaped,  largest  at  the  base  and  tapering  to  the 

apex. 
Connective.    The  portion  of  a  stamen  which  connects  the  two 

cells  of  the  anther. 
Cordate.    Heart-shaped.     Page   xn. 
Coriaceous.     Leather-like  in  texture. 
Corky.    Made  of,  or  like  cork. 
Corolla.    The  inner  part  of  a  perianth,  usually  bright  colored. 

Page  xin. 
Corymb.    A  flower-cluster  in  which  the  axis  is  shortened  and 

the  pedicels  of  the  lower  flowers  lengthened,  forming  a  flat- 
topped    inflorescence,    the   marginal   flowers   blooming    first. 

Page  xiv. 

Corymbose.    Arranged  in  corymbs. 

Crenate.    Dentate,  with  the  teeth  much  rounded.     Page  xin. 
Crenulate.    Finely  crenate. 
Crown.    The  upper  part  of  a  tree,  including  the  living  branches 

with  their  foliage. 
Cutting.    A  piece  of  the  stem,  root  or  leaf  which,  if  cut  off  and 

placed  in   contact  with  the  soil,   will   form  new  roots  and 

buds,  reproducing  the  parent  plant. 
—  232  — 


Cyme.    A  broad  and   flattish   inflorescence,  the  central   flowers 

of  which  bloom  first.     Page  xiv. 
Cymose.    Arranged  in  cymes. 

Deciduous.    Not  persistent;  falling  away,  as  the  leaves  of  a  tree 

in  autumn. 
Decurrent.    Said  of  a  leaf  which  extends  down  the  stem  below 

the  point  of  fastening. 

Decussate.    Alternating  in  pairs  at  right  angles. 
Dehiscent.     Opening  by  valves  or  slits. 
Deltoid.    Delta-shaped. 
Dentate.    Toothed,  with  the  teeth  usually  pointed  and  directed 

outward.    Page  xm. 

Depressed.  Somewhat  flattened  from  above. 
Dichotomous.  Branching  regularly  in  pairs. 
Digitate.  Said  of  a  compound  leaf  in  which  the  leaflets  are 

borne  at  the  apex  of  the  petiole;  finger-shaped. 
Dioecious.    Unisexual,  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on 

different  individuals. 

Distribution.    The  geographical  extent  and  limits  of  a  species. 
Divergent.     Said  of  buds,  cones,  etc.,  which  point  away  from  the 

twig,  or  of  pine  needles,  etc.,  which  spread  apart. 
Dorsal.    Pertaining  to  the  back  or  outer  surface  of  an  organ. 
Downy.     Covered  with  fine  hairs. 
Drupe.    A  fleshy  or  pulpy  fruit  in  which  the  inner  portion  is 

hard  or  stony. 

Ellipsoid.     An  elliptical   solid. 

Elliptical.     Oval  or  oblong  with  regularly  rounded  ends.  Page  xn. 

Emarginate.    Notched  at  the  apex.     Page  xir. 

Entire.    Without  divisions,  lobes  or  teeth. 

Excrescences.    Warty  outgrowths  or  protuberances. 

Exfoliate.    To  cleave  off,  as  of  the  outer  layers  of  bark. 

Falcate.     Scythe-shaped. 

Fascicle.    A  compact  cluster  of  leaves  or  flowers. 

Fascicled.    Arranged  in  fascicles. 

Fastigiate.     Said  of  branches  which  are  erect  and  near  together. 

Feather-veined.     Having  veins  extending  from  the  midrib  to  the 

margin,   feather-wise. 
Fertile.     Capable  of  bearing  fruit. 


Fertilisation.    The  mingling  of  the  contents  of  a  male  (pollen) 

and  female  (ovule)  cell. 
Filament.     The  part  of  a  stamen  which  bears  the  anther.     Page 

XIII. 

Filamcntose  or  Filamentous.     Composed  of  threads  or  filaments. 

Flaky.    With  loose  scales  easily  rubbed  off  (bark). 

Fleshy.    Succulent;  juicy. 

Flower.    An  axis  bearing  stamens  or  pistils  or  both   (calyx  and 

corolla  usually  accompany  these). 
Fluted.    With  rounded  ridges. 
Fruit.    The  part  of  a  plant  which  bears  the  seed. 

Germinate.    To  sprout,  as  of  a  seed. 

Gibbous.     Swollen  on  one  side. 

Glabrous.     Neither  rough,  pubescent,  nor  hairy;   smooth. 

Gland.    Secreting  surface  or  structure;   a  protuberance  having 

the  appearance  of  such  an  organ. 
Glandular.     Bearing  glands. 
Glaucous.     Covered  or  whitened  with  bloom. 
Globose.    Spherical  or  nearly  so. 
Globular.    Nearly  globose. 
Gregarious.    Growing  in  groups  or  colonies. 

Habit.    The  general  appearance  of  a  plant,  best  seen   from  a 

distance. 
Habitat.    The  place  where  a  plant  naturally  grows,  as  in  water, 

clay  soil,  marsh,  etc. 
Hairy.  With  long  hairs. 
Halberd-shaped.  Like  an  arrow-head,  but  with  the  basal  lobes 

pointing  outward  nearly  at  right  angles.     Page  XH. 
Heartwood.    The   dead   central   portion   of   the   trunk   or   large 

branch  of  a  tree. 

Hirsute.     Covered  with  rather  coarse  or  stiff  hairs. 
Hoary.     Gray-white  with  a  fine,  close  pubescence. 
Homogeneous.     Uniform;  composed  of  similar  parts  or  elements. 
Hybrid.    A  cross  between  two  nearly  related  species,  formed  by 

the  action  of  the  pollen  of  one  upon  the  pistil  of  the  other, 

yielding  an  intermediate  form. 
—  234  — 


Imbricate.     Overlapping,  like  the  shingles  on  a  roof. 

Indchiscent.  Not  opening  by  valves  or  slits;  remaining  persist- 
ently closed. 

Indigenous.     Native  and  original  to  a  region. 

Inflorescence.  The  flowering  part  of  a  plant,  and  especially  its 
arrangement. 

Intcniode.    The  portion  of  a  stem  between  two  nodes. 

Involucral.     Pertaining  to   an   involucre. 

Involucre.  A  circle  of  bracts  surrounding  a  flower  or  cluster 
of  flowers. 

Keeled.     With  a  central  ridge  like  the  keel  of  a  boat. 

Laciniate.     Cut  into  narrow,  pointed  lobes. 

Lanceolate.    Lance-shaped,  broadest  above  the  base  and  tapering 

to  the  apex,  but  several  times  longer  than  wide.     Page  xn. 
Lateral.     Situated  on  the  side  of  a  branch. 
Leaf.     The  green  expansions  borne  by  the  branches  of  a  tree, 

consisting  of  a  blade  with  or  without  a  petiole. 
Leaflet.     One  of  the  small  blades  of  a  compound  leaf. 
Leaf -scar.    The  scar  left  on  a  twig  by  the   falling  of  a  leaf. 

Page  xvi. 
Legume.    A  pod-like    fruit  composed   of   a   solitary   carpel   and 

usually  splitting  open  by  both  sutures  (Leguminosae). 
Lcnticels.     Corky  growths  on  young  bark  which  admit  air  to  the 

interior  of  a  twig  or  branch. 
Linear.     Long  and  narrow,  with  parallel  edges  (as  pine  needles). 

Page  xn. 

Lobe.    Any  division  of  an  organ,  especially  if  rounded. 
Lobed.     Provided  with  a  lobe  or  lobes.     Page  xm. 
Lustrous.    Glossy;  shining. 

Membranaceous.    Thin    and    somewhat    translucent. 

Midrib.    The  central  vein  of  a  leaf  or  leaflet. 

Monoecious.     Unisexual,  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on 

the  same  individual. 

Mucilaginous.     Slimy;  resembling  or  secreting  mucilage  or  gum. 
Mucronate.    Tipped   with  a  small,  abrupt  point.     Page  xn. 
—  235  — 


Naked.    Lacking  organs  or  parts  which  are  normally  present  in 

related  species  or  genera, 
Naturalised.     Said  of  introduced  plants  which  are  reproducing 

by  self-sown  seeds. 
Nectariferous.    Producing  nectar. 
Node.    The  place  upon  a  stem  which  normally  bears  a  leaf  or 

whorl  of  leaves. 

Nut.    A  hard  and  indehiscent,  i-celled,  i-seeded  fruit. 
Nutlet.    A  diminutive  nut. 

Oblanceolatc.    Lanceolate,    with   the   broadest   part   toward    the 

apex.    Page  xn. 

Oblique.     Slanting,  or  with  unequal  sides. 
Oblong.    Longer  than  broad,  with  sides  approximately  parallel. 

Page  xii. 
Obovate.    Ovate,  with  the  broadest  part  toward  the  apex.    Page 

XII. 

Obovoid.    An  ovate  solid  with  the  broadest  part  toward  the  apex. 

Obtuse.    Blunt  or  rounded  at  the  apex.     Page  xn. 

Opaque.     Dull;  neither  shining  nor  translucent. 

Opposite.    Said  of  leaves,  branches,  buds,  etc.,  on  opposite  sides 

of  a  stem  at  a  node. 
Orbicular.     Circular.     Page  xii. 
Oval.    Broadly  elliptical.     Page  xii. 

Ovary.    The  part  of  a  pistil  that  contains  the  ovules.    Page  xm. 
Ovate.    Egg-shaped,  with  the  broad  end  basal.     Page  xn. 
Ovoid.    Solid  ovate  or  solid  oval. 
Ovule.    The  part  of  a  flower  which  after  fertilization  becomes 

the  seed. 

Palmate.     Radiately  lobed  or  divided;  hand-shaped. 

Panicle.    A  loose,  irregularly  compound  inflorescence  with  ped- 
icellate flowers.     Page  xiv. 

Paniculate.    Arranged  in  panicles  or  resembling  a  panicle. 

Papilionaceous.     Butterfly-like,  as  in  flowers  of  the  Leguminosae. 

Pedicel.    The  stalk  of  a  single  flower  in  a  compound  inflore- 
scence. 

Pedicellate.    Borne  on  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle.    A  primary  flower-stalk,  supporting  either  a  cluster  or 
a  solitary  flower. 

—  236  — 


Pendent.    Handing  downward. 

Pendulous.    More  or  less  hanging  or  declined. 

Perfect.     Said  of  a  flower  with  both  stamens  and  pistil.  Page  xm. 

Perianth.    The  calyx  and  corolla  of  a  flower  considered  as  a 

whole. 
Persistent.    Long-continuous,    as    leaves    through    the    winter, 

calyx  on  the  fruit,  etc. 

Petal.    One  of  the  divisions  of  a  corolla.    Page  xur. 
Petiolate.     Having  a  petiole. 
Petiole.    The  stem  or  stalk  of  a  leaf. 
Petiolulate.     Having  a  petiolule. 
Petiolule.     The  stem  or  stalk  of  a  leaflet. 
Pilose.    Hairy  with  long,  soft  hairs. 
Pinnate.    Compound,  with  the  leaflets  arranged  along  both  sides 

of  a  common  petiole. 
Pistil.    The  seed-bearing  organ  of  a  flower,  normally  consisting 

of  ovary,  style  and  stigma.    Page  xiu. 

Pistillate.    Provided  with  a  pistil,  but  usually  without  stamens. 
Pith.    The  softer  central  part  of  a  twig  or  stem.    Page  xvi. 
Pollen.    The  fecundating  grains  borne  in  the  anther. 
Polygamo-dioecious.    Sometimes    perfect,    sometimes    unisexual, 

both  forms  borne  on  different  individuals. 
Polygamo-monoecious.    Sometimes  perfect,  sometimes  unisexual, 

both  forms  borne  on  the  same  individual. 
Polygamous.      Sometimes    perfect,    sometimes    unisexual,    both 

forms  borne  on  the  same  or  on  different  individuals. 
Pome.    A  fleshy  fruit,  as  the  apple. 

Posterior.    The  back  side  of  a  flower,  next  to  the  axis  of  in- 
florescence. 

Prickle.     A  small  spine  growing  from  the  bark. 
Puberulent.    Minutely  pubescent 
Puberulous.    Minutely  pubescent. 
Pubescence.    A  covering  of  short,  soft  hairs. 
Pubescent.    Covered  with  short,  soft  hairs. 
Punctate.    Dotted  with  translucent  or  colored  dots  or  pits. 


Raceme.  A  simple  inflorescence  of  flowers  on  pedicels  of  equal 
length  arranged  on  a  common,  elongated  axis  (rachis). 
Page  xiv. 

-237  — 


Racemose.     Resembling  a  raceme. 

Rachis.    The  central  axis  of  a  spike  or  raceme  of  flowers  or  of 

a  compound  leaf. 

Recurved.     Curved  downward  or  backward. 
Reticulate.     Netted. 

Rough.     Harsh  to  the  touch;   pubescent. 
Rugose.    Wrinkled. 

Samara.    An  indehiscent  winged  fruit. 

Sapwood.    The  living  outer  portion  of  a  trunk  or  large  branch 

of  a  tree  between  the  heartwood  and  the  bark. 
Scales.     Small  modified  leaves,  usually  thin  and  scarious,  seen  in 

buds  and  cones;  the  flakes  into  which  the  outer  bark  often 

divid£S. 

Scaly.     Provided   with  scales. 
Scarious.     Thin,  dry,  membranaceous ;  not  green. 
Scurfy.     Covered  with  small  bran-like  scales. 
Seed.    The  ripened  ovule. 

Sepal.    One  of  the  divisions  of  a  calyx.     Page  xm. 
Serrate.     Toothed,  the  teeth  sharp  and  pointing  forward.     Page 

XIII. 

Sessile.    Without  a  stalk. 

Shrub.  A  bushy,  woody  growth,  usually  branched  at  or  near  the 
base,  less  than  15  feet  in  height. 

Simple.     Of   one   piece;    not   compound. 

Sinuate.     Strongly  wavy.     Page  xin. 

Sinuous.     In  form  like  the  path  of  a  snake. 

Sinus.    The  cleft  or  space  between  two  lobes. 

Smooth.     Smooth  to  the  touch;  not  pubescent. 

Spatulate.  Wide  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  but  gradually  nar- 
rowed downward.  Page  xn. 

Spike.  A  simple  inflorescence  of  sessile  flowers  arranged  on  a 
common,  elongated  axis  (rachis).  Page  xiv. 

Spine.    A  sharp  woody  outgrowth  from  a  stem. 

Spray.     The  aggregate  of  smaller  branches  and  branchlets. 

Stamen.  The  pollen-bearing  organ  of  a  flower,  normally  con- 
sisting of  filament  and  anther.  Page  xm. 

Stamlndte,  Provided  with  stamens,  but  usually  without  pistils. 
—  238  — 


Staminodium.     A  sterile  stamen. 

Sterile.     Unproductive,  as  a  flower  without  pistil,  or  a  stamen 

without  anther. 

Stigma.  The  part  of  a  pistil  which  receives  the  pollen.  Page  xiu. 
Stipules.  Leaf-like  appendages  on  either  side  of  a  leaf  at  the 

base  of  the  petiole. 

Stipule-scar.    The  scar  left  by  the  fall  of  a  stipule.     Page  xv. 
Slriatc.     Marked  with  fine  longitudinal  stripes  or  ridges. 
Strobile.    A  cone. 
Style.     The  part  of  a  pistil  connecting  ovary  with  stigma.     Page 

XIII. 

Sub-.    A    prefix    applied    to    many    botanical    terms,    indicating 

somewhat  or  slightly. 
Subtend.    To  lie  under  or  opposite  to. 

Sucker.  A  shoot  arising  from  a  subterranean  part  of  a  plant. 
Superposed.  Placed  above,  as  one  bud  above  another  at  a  node. 
Suture.  A  junction  or  line  of  dehiscence. 

Terete.     Circular  in  cross-section. 

Terminal.     Situated  at  the  end  of  a  branch. 

Tcrnate.    In  threes. 

Tetrahedral.     Having,  or  made  up  of,  four  faces  (triangles). 

Thorn.     A  stiff,  woody,  sharp-pointed  projection. 

Tolerant.     Capable  of  enduring  more  or  less  heavy  shade. 

Tomentose.     Densely  pubescent  with  matted  wool. 

Toothed.    With  teeth  or  short  projections. 

Torus.     The  part  of  the  axis  of  a  flower  which  bears  the  floral 

organs. 
Transverse.     Said  of  a  wood  section  made  at  right  angles  with 

the  axis  of  the  stem;  across  the  grain. 
Tree.     Usually  defined  as  a  plant  with  a  woody  stem,  unbranched 

at  or  near  the  base,  reaching  a  height  of  at  least  15  feet. 
Trunk.    The  main  stem  of  a  tree. 
Titrbinate.    Top-shaped. 

Umbel.     A    simple   inflorescence    of    flowers    on   pedicels    which 

radiate  from  the  same  point.     Page  xiv. 
Umbellate.     Arranged  in  umbels. 

Undulate.     With  a  wavy  margin  or  surface.     Page  xm. 
—  239  — 


Unisexual.    Of  one  sex,  either  staminate  or  pistillate;  not  perfect. 

Veins.    Threads  of  fibro-vascular  tissue  in  a  leaf,  petal,  or  other 

flat  organ. 

Villose  or   Villvus.     Covered  with  long,  soft  hairs. 
Viscid.     Glutinous;  sticky. 

Whorl.    An  arrangement  of  leaves  or  branches  in  a  circle  round 

an  axis. 
Wood.    The  hard  part  of  a  stem  lying  between  the  pith  and  the 

bark. 
Woolly.     Covered  with  long  and  matted  or  tangled  hairs. 


—  240  — 


INDEX  TO  THE  ARTIFICIAL  KEYS 

Summer  Keys : 
Key  to  the  genera,  xxi. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Acer,  172. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Aesculus,  194. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Betula,  84. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Carya,  66. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Catalpa,  222. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Cornus,  202. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Fraxinus,  210. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Juglans,  60. 
Key  to  the  species  of     Picea,   18. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Pinus,  4. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Populus,  44. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Prunus,   152. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Pyrus,  142. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Quercus,  96. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Salix,  34. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Ulmus,  122. 

Winter  Keys : 
Key  to  the  genera,  xxvii. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Acer,  174. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Aesculus,  195. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Betula,  85. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Carya,  67. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Catalpa,  223. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Cornus,  203. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Fraxinus,  211. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Juglans,  61. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Picea,  19. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Pinus,  5. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Populus,  45. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Prunus,   153. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Pyrus,  143. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Quercus,  98. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Salix,  34. 
Key  to  the  species  of  Ulmus,  123. 
—  241  — 


INDEX  TO  THE  TREES 


Abies  balsamea,  27. 
Acacia,   Three-thorned,    165. 
Acer  dasycarpum,  185. 

negundo,   193. 

nigrum,  183. 

pennsylvanicum,  177. 

platanoides,  189. 

pseudo-platanus,  191. 

rubrum,   187. 

saccharinum,   181,   185. 

saccharum,  181,  189. 

saccharum   nigrum,   183. 

spicatum,  179. 
Aesculus   glabra,    199. 

hippocastanum,    197. 

hippocastanum,  v.  flore  pleno, 

197- 
Ailanthus,   171. 

glandulosa,  171. 
Almondleaf  Willow,  39. 
Alternate-leaved   Dogwood, 

207. 

Amelanchier    canadensis,    149. 
American   Crab,   145. 

Elm,  127. 
Arborvitae,   31. 
Ash,  Black,  221. 

Blue,  219. 

Green,  217. 

Mountain,  147. 

Red.  215. 

White,  213. 

Ash-leaved   Maple,    193. 
Aspen,  49. 

Largetooth,  51. 
Austrian   Pine,   II. 

Balm  of  Gilead,  53. 

Hairy,  55. 
Balsam,  53,  55. 

Fir,  27. 
Basswood,  201. 


Beech,  93. 

Blue,  83. 

Water,  83. 

Wrhite,  93. 
Betula  alba  papyrifera,  91. 

alleghanensis,  87. 

lenta,  87. 

lutea,  89. 

papyrifera,  91. 
Birch,  Black,  87. 

Canoe,  91. 

Cherry,  87. 

Gray,  89. 

Paper,  91. 

Sweet,  87. 

White,  91. 

Yellow,  89. 

Bitternut   Hickory,   79. 
Black  Ash,  221. 

Birch,  87. 

Cherry,  155. 

Gum,  209. 

Jack,    119. 

Locust,  169. 

Maple,  183. 

Oak,   115,   117. 

Pine,  II. 

Spruce,  23. 

Sugar  Maple,  183. 

Walnut,  65. 

Willow,  37. 
Blue  Ash,  219. 

Beech,  83. 

Dogwood,  207. 
Boxelder,  193. 
I'.n  \\vood,  205. 
Brittle  Willow,  41. 
Buckeye,   Ohio,    199. 
Bur  Oak,   103. 
Butternut,  63. 
Buttonball-tree,  141. 
Button-wood,   141. 


—  242- 


Canada  Plum,  161. 
Canoe  Birch,  91. 
Carpinus   caroliniana,  83. 
Carya  alba,  69,  73. 

aniara,   79. 

cordiformis,  79. 

glabra,  75,  77. 

laciniosa,  71. 

microcarpa,  75. 

ovata,  69. 

porcina,  77. 

sulcata,    71. 

tomentosa,  73. 
Castanea  dentata,  95. 

sativa,  v.  americana,  95. 

vesca,   v.   americana,  95. 
Catalpa,  227. 

bignonioides,   225,   227. 

catalpa,  227. 

Hardy,.  225. 

speciosa,  225. 
Cedar,  Red,  33. 

White,  31. 

Celtis  occidentalis,   131. 
Cercis  canadensis,   167. 
Cherry  Birch,  87. 
Cherry,  Black,  155. 

Choke,   157. 

Pin,  159. 

Wild  Red,  159. 
Chestnut,  95. 

Oak,  107. 

Chinquapin  Oak,  107. 
Choke  Cherry,  157. 
Coffeetree,  163. 

Kentucky,   163. 
Cork  Elm,  129. 
Cornus  alternifolia,  207. 

florida,  205. 
Cottonwood,  57. 
Crab,    American,    145. 

Sweet,  145. 
Crack  Willow,  41. 
Crataegus,  151. 

punctata,   150. 


Dogwood,  205. 
Alternate-leaved,  207. 
Blue,  207. 
Flowering,  205.  . 

Elm,  American,    127. 
Cork,  129. 
Red,   125. 
Rock,   129. 
Slippery,   125. 
Water,  127. 
White,  127. 

Fagus  americana,  93. 

atropunicea,  93. 

ferruginea,  93. 

grandi  folia,  93. 
Fir,  Balsam,  27. 

Scotch,  13. 

Flowering  Dogwood,  205. 
Fraxinus  americana,  213. 

lanceolata,  217. 

nigra,  221. 

Pennsylvania,  215,  217. 

Pennsylvania  lanceolata,  217. 

pubescens,  215. 

quadrangulata,  219. 

sambucifolia,   221. 

viridis,  217. 

Ginkgo,  3. 

biloba,  3. 

Gleditsia  triacanthos,  165. 
Gray  Birch,  89. 
Green  Ash,  217. 
Gum,  Black,  209. 
Gymnocladus  canadensis,   163. 

dioica,    163. 

Hackberry,   131. 
Hairy  Balm  of  Gilead,  55. 
Hard  Maple,  181. 
Hardy  Catalpa,  225. 
Haw,  151. 
Hawthorn,  151. 
243  — 


Hemlock,   29. 
Hickory,  Bitternut,  79. 

Mocker  Nut,  73. 

Pignut,  77- 

Shagbark,  69. 

Shellbark,  69,  71. 

Small  Pignut,  75. 
Hicoria  alba,  73. 

glabra,  77. 

glabra,  v.  odorata,  75. 

laciniosa,  71. 

microcarpa,  75. 

minima,  79. 

odorata,  75. 

ovata,  69. 
Hill's  Oak,  115. 
Honey  Locust,  165. 
Hornbeam,  81. 
Horse-chestnut,  197. 

Ironwood,  81. 

Jack  Pine,  9. 
Judas-tree,  167. 
Juglans   cinerea,  63. 

nigra,  65. 
Juniper,  Red,  33. 
Juniperus  virginiana,  33. 

Kentucky   Coffeetree,   163. 
King  Nut,  71. 

Largetooth  Aspen,  51. 
Larix  americana,   17. 

laricina,  17. 

Liriodendron  tulipifera,   137. 
Locust,  169. 

Black,  169. 

Honey,  165. 
Lombardy  Poplar,  59. 

Maclura  aurantiaca,  133. 

pomifera,  133. 
Maidenhair  Tree,  3. 
Malus  coronaria,  145. 


Maple,  Ash-leaved,   193. 

Black,  183. 

Black  Sugar,  183. 

Hard,   181. 

Mountain,    179. 

Norway,   189. 

Red,  187. 

Rock,  181. 

Silver,   185. 

Soft,  185,  187. 

Striped,  177. 

Sugar,  181. 

Sycamore,  191. 
Mocker  Nut  Hickory,  73. 
Moosewood,   177. 
Morus  rubra,  135. 
Mountain  Ash,  147. 

Maple,   179. 
Mulberry,  Red,    135. 

Nannyberry,  229. 
Napoleon's  Willow,  43. 
Xegundo  aceroides,  193. 
Nettle-tree,  131. 
Northern  Pin  Oak,  115. 
Norway  Maple,   189. 

Pine,   15. 

Spruce,  25. 
Nut,  King,  71. 
Nyssa  multiflora,  209. 

sylvatica,  209. 

Oak,   Black,   115,   117. 
Bur,  103. 
Chestnut,   107. 
Chinquapin,   107. 
Hill's,  115. 
Northern  Pin,  115. 
Pin,  in. 
Red,  109. 
Scarlet,  113. 
Shingle,  121. 
Swamp,  105. 
Swamp  White,  105. 
White,  101. 
Yellow,  107,  117. 
•244- 


Ohio   Buckeye,   199- 

dilatata,  59. 

Osage  Orange,  133. 

fastigiata,  59- 

Ostrya  virginiana,  81. 

grandidentata,  51. 

monilifera,  57- 

Padus  serotina,  155. 

nigra  italica,  59. 

virginiana,   157. 

tremuloides,  49. 

Paper  Birch,  91. 

Prunus  americana,  v.  nigra,  161. 

Pepperidge,  209. 

nigra,   161. 

Picea  abies,  25. 

pennsylvanica,   159. 

alba,  21. 

serotina,  155. 

canadensis,   21. 

virginiana,  157. 

excelsa,  25. 

Pyrus  americana,   147. 

mariana,  23. 

coronaria,   145. 

nigra,  23. 

Pignut  Hickory,  77. 

Small,  75. 

Quercus    acuminata,    107. 

Pin  Cherry,  159. 

alba,   101. 

Oak,  in. 

Alexander!,  107. 

Oak,  Northern,  115. 

bicolor,    105. 

Pine,  Austrian,  n. 

coccinea,  113. 

Black,  ii. 

ellipsoidalis,   115. 

Jack,  9- 

im'bricaria,  121. 

Norway,   15. 

macrocarpa,  103. 

Red,  15. 

marilandica,   119. 

Scotch,  13. 

muhlenbergii,  107. 

Scrub,  9. 

palustris,   ill. 

White,  7. 

platanoides,  105. 

Pinus  austriaca,  n. 

rubra,  109. 

banksiana,  9. 

velutina,    117. 

divaricata,  9. 

laricio  austriaca,  n. 

resinosa,  15- 

Red  Ash,  215. 

strobus,  7. 

Cedar,  33. 

sylvestris,  13. 

Cherry,  Wild,  159. 

Platanus    occidentalis,    141. 

Elm,   125. 

Plum,  Canada,   161. 

Juniper,  33. 

Red,  161. 

Maple,  187. 

Poplar,  Lombardy,  59. 

Mulberry,    135. 

Tulip,  137- 

Oak,  109. 

White,  47. 

Pine,  15. 

Populus  alba,  47. 

Plum,  161. 

balsamifera,  53,  55- 

Redbud,   167. 

balsamifera  candicans,  55 

Robinia  pseudo-acacia,  169. 

candicans,  55.  . 

Rock  Elm,   129. 

deltoides,  57. 

Maple,  181. 

—  245  — 

Salisburia  adiantifolia,  3. 

Toxylon  pomiferum,  133. 

Salix,  35. 

Tree,  Maidenhair,  3. 

amygdaloides,  39. 

of  Heaven,  171. 

babylonica,  43. 

Tsuga  canadensis,  29. 

fragilis,   41. 

Tulip  Poplar,  137. 

nigra,  37. 

Tulip-tree,    137. 

Sassafras,  139. 

officinale,   139. 
sassafras,  139. 

Ulmus  americana,  125,  127. 
fulva    12^ 

varii  folium,   139. 
Scarlet  Oak,  113. 
Scotch   Fir,    13. 

pubescens,   125. 
racemosa,  129. 
Thomasi,   129. 

Pine,  13. 

Scrub  Pine,  9. 

Serviceberry,  149. 

Viburnum  lentago,  229. 

Shagbark  Hickory,  69. 

Sheepberry,   229. 

Walnut,  Black,  65. 

Shellbark  Hickory,  69,  71. 

Water  Beech,  83. 

Shingle   Oak,    121. 

Elm,    127. 

Silver  Maple,  185. 

Weeping  Willow,  43. 

Slippery  Elm,  125. 

Whistlewood,  177. 

Small  Pignut  Hickory,  75. 

White  Ash,  213. 

Soft  Maple,  185,  187. 

Beech,  93. 

Sorbus  americana,   147. 

Birch,  91. 

Spruce,  Black,  23. 

Cedar,  31. 

Norway,  25. 

Elm,    127. 

White,  21. 

Oak,    101. 

Striped  Maple,  177. 

Oak,  Swamp,   105. 

Sugar  Maple,   181. 

Pine,   7. 

Black,    183. 

Poplar,  47. 

Swamp  Oak,   105. 

Spruce,  21. 

White  Oak,  105. 

White-wood,  137. 

Sweet  Birch,  87. 

Wild  Red  Cherry,   159. 

Crab,  145. 

Willow,   35. 

Sycamore,  141. 

Almondleaf,  39. 

Maple,  191. 

Black,  37. 

Brittle,  41. 

Tamarack,  17. 

Crack,  41. 

Thorn,  151. 

Napoleon's,  43. 

Thorn-apple,  151. 

Weeping,   43. 

Three-thorned  Acacia,  165. 

Thuja  occidentalis,  31. 

Yellow  Birch,  89. 

Tilia  americana,  201. 

Oak,   107,   117. 

—  246  — 


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